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This  book  is  due  on  the  date  indicated 
below  and  is  subject  to  an  overdue  fine 
as  posted  at  the  Circulation  Desk. 


A  Preliminary  Report 


on  the 


Hymeniales  of  Conne6licut 


By 
EDWARD  ALBERT  WHITE,  B.S. 

Professor  of  Botany,  Forestry,  and  Landscape  Architecture,  Connecticut 
Agricultural  College 


Hartford  Press 

The  Case,  Lockwood  &  Brainard  Company 

1905 


Preface. 

For  several  years,  work  along  the  line  of  investigations  in 
fleshy  and  woody  fungi  has  been  carried  on  in  many  states, 
but  little  has  ever  been  reported  on  Connecticut  species.  The 
establishment  of  the  State  Geological  and  Natural  History 
Survey  has  made  possible  the  contributing  of  some  knowledge 
regarding  fleshy  and  woody  fungi  of  this  state,  and  for  this 
purpose  the  following  preliminary  report  on  the  Hymeniales 
of  Connecticut  has  been  prepared. 

The  aim  in  the  preparation  of  this  report  has  not  been  to 
prepare  original  keys,  monographs  of  different  groups,  or  tech- 
nical descriptions  of  species ;  the  time  since  the  organization  of 
the  Survey  has  been  too  short  for  suth  original  work ;  but  the 
aim  has  been  to  compile  as  far  as  possible  a  complete  and  ac- 
curate list  of  native  species,  together  with  notes  regarding  the 
characteristics  of  the  genera.  To  make  the  report  more  com- 
prehensible, technical  terms  have  been  avoided  when  it  has  been 
possible  to  do  so  without  detriment  to  accuracy  of  description. 

The  collecting  this  year  has  been  done  largely  in  the  vicinity 
of  Mansfield,  representing  the  northeastern  section  of  the  state, 
from  which  section  two  hundred  and  seventy-five  species,  in- 
cluded in  fifty-five  genera,  are  reported.  Four  hundred  and 
twenty-five  numbers  were  collected. 

The  writer  fortunately  has  had  access  to  several  excellent 
collections  previously  made  in  various  sections  of  the  state, 
making  possible  a  much  more  complete  list  of  native  species. 

These  collections  are  Mr.  C.  C.  Hanmer's  of  East  Hartford, 
representing  the  species  found  in  central  Connecticut ;  that  of 
Dr.  L.  M.  Underwood,  Professor  of  Botany,  Columbia  Uni- 
versity, New  York  City,  whose  collection  made  in  Goshen  rep- 
resents the  western  Connecticut  species ;  and  that  of  Dr.  G.  P. 
Clinton,  Botanist  of  the  Connecticut  Experiment  Station  at 
New  Haven,  representing  the  species  of  southwestern  Con- 
necticut. 

From  Mr.  Hanmer's  collection  have  been  listed  one  hun- 


6  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.        [Bull. 

dred  and  eighty  species,  included  in  fifty  genera;  from  Dr. 
Underwood's,  eighty  species,  in  twenty-seven  genera;  and 
from  Dr.  Qinton's,  thirty-four  species,  in  twenty-tw^o  genera. 
The  species  found  in  the  different  sections  of  the  state  are  the 
same  in  many  cases,  as  is  shown  in  the  Hst  appended.  The 
total  number  of  different  species  listed  is  three  hundred  and 
seventy-five,  included  in  sixty-five  different  genera. 

The  mushrooms  collected  under  the  writer's  supervision 
have  been  carefully  dried,  pressed,  and  preserved,  forming 
the  basis  of  a  state  herbarium  of  fleshy  and  woody  fungi.  The 
number  of  each  specimen  in  this  herbarium  is  inserted  with  the 
species  reported,  and  thus  the  plant  may  be  easily  referred  to. 
A  card  catalogue  accompanies  this  herbarium. 

The  specimens  in  the  other  collections  mentioned  are  also 
carefully  and  systematically  preserved  and  are  accessible :  Mr. 
Hanmer's  private  collection  at  East  Hartford,  Dr.  Under- 
wood's in  the  cryptogamic  herbarium  of  Columbia  University, 
and  Dr.  Clinton's  in  the  herbarium  of  the  Connecticut  Experi- 
ment Station. 

Saccardo's  "  Sylloge  Fungorum  "  has  been  adopted  as  a 
basis  for  nomenclature. 

Every  effort  has  been  made  to  have  correctly  named  all 
specimens  collected,  and  men  who  have  had  long  experience 
in  determining  species  have  very  willingly  aided  in  the  work. 
Nearly  all  specimens  have  been  submitted  for  accuracy  of  de- 
termination to  Professor  G.  F.  Atkinson  of  the  Department  of 
Botany,  Cornell  University,  and  to  Dr.  C.  H.  Peck,  the  New 
York  State  Botanist.  Mr.  C.  H.  Kauffman  of  the  University 
of  Michigan  has  very  kindly  identified  many  specimens  of  Cor- 
tinarius.  Mr.  I.  W.  Patterson,  a  student  at  the  Connecticut 
Agricultural  College,  has  assisted  greatly  in  collecting,  drying, 
pressing,  and  classifying  specimens.  The  services  of  all  of 
these  gentlemen  are  greatly  appreciated.  We  are  indebted  to 
the  libraries  of  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College  and  of 
the  Connecticut  Experiment  Station  for  the  loan  of  scientific 
literature. 

The  writer  wishes  especially  to  express  his  appreciation  of 
the  assistance  of  Dr.  Charles  Thom,  Mycologist  for  the  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture  in  dairy  investigations  at 


No.  3.]  HYMENIALES    OF    CONNECTICUT.  / 

the  Storrs  Experiment  Station.  Dr.  Thorn  has  aided  much  in 
the  determination  of  species  and  in  manuscript  reading.  Mr. 
C.  C.  Hanmer  of  East  Hartford  has  also  shown  a  deep  interest 
in  the  work,  and  has  heartily  cooperated  in  every  way  possible. 

The  writer  spent  several  weeks  in  the  laboratories  of  Pro- 
fessors Atkinson,  Peck,  and  Underwood,  studying  their  type 
specimens  and  consulting  the  excellent  American  and  foreign 
literature  in  their  libraries. 

The  photographs  for  illustration  were  taken  by  the  writer 
from  specimens  collected  in  Mansfield  during  the  past  summer, 
with  the  exception  of  Plates  III  and  VI,  which  were  loaned  by 
the  Connecticut  Experiment  Station,  and  Plates  V,  VII,  XII, 
XXIV,  XXV,  and  XXVI,  loaned  by  Professor  G.  F.  Atkinson, 
and  for  these  additions  the  writer  feels  deeply  grateful.  The 
keys  which  are  used  have  been  largely  compiled  and  revised 
to  suit  Connecticut  genera. 

As  it  has  not  been  possible  to  prepare  original  monographs 
of  any  of  the  genera,  this  report  is  to  be  regarded  as  prelimi- 
nary to  further  investigations.  It  would  be  highly  desirable, 
in  the  event  of  the  State  Geological  and  Natural  History  Sur- 
vey being  continued  for  a  number  of  years,  if  each  year  addi- 
tions were  made  to  the  list  already  published,  and  some  group 
or  groups  monographed.  Reports  of  this  nature  w^ould  rap- 
idly increase  the  literature  of  the  Connecticut  species  of  fleshy 
and  woody  fungi. 


Contents. 

Page 

Hymeniales      i  r 

Agaricaceje      13 

Polyporacese      53 

Hydnaceae       67 

Clavariacese      "jj^ 

Hypochnacese      75 

General  Index     76 

Index  to    Species -j-] 


No.  3.]  HYMENIALES    OF    CONNECTICUT.  II 


HYMENIALES  {Hymenomycetineae). 

HYMENIUM    OR    MEMBRANE    FUNGI. 

The  Hymeniales  are  members  of  a  large  class  of  Fungi 
whose  reproductive  bodies,  or  spores,  arise  from  cells  of  defi- 
nite shape,  known  as  hasidia.  Because  of  these  basidial  cells 
these  fungi  are  classed  as  Basidiomycetes.  These  basidia 
are  microscopic,  and  are  usually  more  or  less  club-shaped,  with 
lateral  branches,  known  as  sterigmata,  extending  from  the 
larger  end.  Within  the  basidia  two  nuclei  unite,  and,  upon 
subsequent  division,  each  portion  of  the  divided  nucleus  passes 
through  the  sterigmata  into  a  developing  basidiospore. 

In  Hymeniales,  the  sterigmata  are  usually  four  in  number 
on  each  basidium,  but  in  some  species  there  may  be  two,  six, 
or  eight,  each  bearing  at  the  tip  the  reproductive  body  or  spore. 
These  spores,  upon  germination,  reproduce  the  particular 
species  of  fungi  upon  which  they  were  borne. 

In  the  higher  orders  of  Basidiomycetes,  as  in  Hymeniales, 
these  basidia  are  borne  upon  a  more  or  less  conspicuous  fruit- 
ing-body,  or  sporophore,  which  constitutes  the  visible  portion 
of  what  is  commonly  spoken  of  as  the  mushroom,  or  fleshy 
fungus.  The  older  writers  did  not  include  in  Basidiomycetes 
the  lower  orders,  such  as  Ustilaginales  and  Uredinales,  be- 
cause of  the  absence  of  the  complex  fruit-body,  but  careful 
research  by  later  scientists  has  proved  the  development  of  the 
spore  from  the  union  of  the  nuclei  of  the  basidia ;  this  fact  has 
seemed  to  some  writers  to  justify  their  classification  as  lower 
forms  of  Basidiomycetes. 

Because  of  the  varying  methods  of  nuclear  fusion  in  the 
basidial  cells,  their  subsequent  division  and  subdivision,  and 
the  further  development  of  the  sporophore,  or  fruit-body, 
this  class  is  sometimes  divided  into  four  sub-classes :  Hemi- 
basidiomycetes,  yEciDioMYCETES,  Protobasidiomycetes,  and 
EuBASiDiOMYCETES.  In  Hemibasidiomvcetes  are  included 
such  plants  as  the  wheat  and  corn  smuts,  and  in  ^cidiomy- 
cetes  the  various  rusts  aflfecting  agricultural  crops.     The  Pro- 


12  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.        [Bull. 

tobasidiomycetes  and  Eubasidiomycetes  are  considered  the 
true  Basidiomycetes ;  the  first  sub-class  including  Auricula- 
riales  (Auriculariineae)  and  Tremellales  (Tremellinese)  ;  the 
second  sub-class  including  Dacryomycetales  ( Dacryomyceti- 
nese),  Exobasidiales  (Exobasidiineae),  and  Hymeniales  (Hy- 
menomycetinege).  The  Auriculariales  include  plants  of  a  gela- 
tinous or  cartilaginous  consistency,  and  are  more  or  less  ear- 
shaped;  the  Tremellales  are  jelly-like  when  moist,  becoming 
hard,  tough,  and  horny  when  dry.  The  first  order  of  Eubasi- 
diomycetes includes  such  plants  as  Guepinia;  the  second  order 
includes  azalea  apples  and  other  plants  which  are  parasitic  in 
the  tissues  of  living  plants,  often  deforming  them;  the  third 
order,  Hymeniales,  constitutes  the  subject  of  this  report. 

The  following  key  to  the  families  of  Hymeniales  is  adopted, 
with  a  few  changes  in  the  phraseology  and  in  the  system  of 
notation,  from  Engler  and  Prantl's  "  Die  Natiirlichen  Pflanzen- 
familien." 

Plants   mold-like,   or   spider-web-like,   consisting   of 

interwoven  hyphas ;  basidia  clustered. .  .hypochnace^ 
Plants  of  firmly  interwoven  hyphse;  fruiting-surface 
consisting  of  basidia  arranged  in  a  palisade-like 
manner     I 

1.  Fruiting-surface  smooth,  only  slightly  roughened  or 

wrinkled  in  some  places 2 

Fruiting-surface  uneven,  with  prominent  elevations 
in  the  form  of  warts,  spines,  folds,  tubes,  etc 3 

2.  Fruit-body  mostly  of  membranaceous,  leathery,  or 

woody     consistency,     funnel-form,     capitate     or 

branched     thelephorace^ 

Plants  mostly  fleshy,  rarely  of  a  cartilaginous  or 
leathery  consistency,  upright,  club-shaped,  capitate 
or  branched   clavariace^ 

3.  Fruiting-surface     with     warts,     interrupted     folds, 

spines,  or  crested  warts  or  plates hydnace^ 

Fruiting-surface  of  other  shapes 4 

4.  Fruiting-surface  with  regular  tubes,  or  with  folds  or 

more  or  less  leaf-like  plates,  which  partly  or  com- 
pletely unite  by  running  together  irregularly  in  a 
honey-combed  manner,  or  are  united  into  labyrin- 
thiform  passages    polyporace^ 


No.  3.]  HYMENIALES    OF    CONNECTICUT. 


13 


Fruiting-snrface  of  prominent  folds  (gills),  or  with 
evident  leaf-like  expansions  or  plates,  which  are 
free  or  regularly  forked,  or  are  united  by  running 
together  irregularly  only  at  the  base  or  point  of  at- 
tachment to  the  pileUS AGARICACEyE 

AGARICACE^     Fries.     Gill-bearing  Fungi. 

This  family  contains  by  far  the  largest  number  of  species 
of  mushrooms.  They  are  distinguished  by  a  more  or  less  flat- 
tened pileus,  or  cap,  which  may  become  convex,  bell-shaped, 
or  funnel-shaped;  the  stem,  or  stipe,  is  generally  attached  to 
the  center,  or  nearly  so,  of  the  under  side  of  the  pileus ;  or  the 
point  of  attachment  may  be  at  one  side,  when  the  pileus  be- 
comes shelving;  the  stem  may  be  absent  and  the  pileus  at- 
tached directly  to  the  mycelium  (sessile). 

The  spore-bearing  surface  is  usually  on  the  under  side  of 
the  pileus,  and  consists  of  radiating  gills,  prominent  folds,  or 
veins.  Microscopical  examination  shows  these  fruiting-sur- 
faces  to  be  covered  with  peculiar  reproductive  cells,  or  basidia. 
From  each  of  these  basidia,  one-celled  spores,  usually  four  in 
number,  are  produced. 

CHARACTERISTICS    OF    MUSHROOMS. 

In  order  that  the  various  parts  of  a  mushroom  may  be 
clearly  understood,  the  following  explanation  is  given. 

The  fleshy  fruit-body  of  the  Agaricaceas  is  known  as  the 
pileus,  or  cap.  Microscopical  examination  shows  it  to  dififer 
considerably  from  the  fruit-bodies  of  the  higher  plants.  There 
is  no  cellular  tissue,  but  the  structure  is  composed  of  inter- 
woven hollow  tubes,  technically  termed  hyphce.  These  hyphcc 
serve  to  conduct  the  food  substances  from  the  basal  threads, 
which  resemble  the  hyphge,  to  the  more  highly  specialized  re- 
productive cells,  the  basidia.  These  hyphal  threads  which 
run  through  the  center  of  the  fruit-body,  stem,  cap,  and  gills, 
constitute  what  is  technically  known  as  the  trama.  When 
these  hyphal  threads  approach  the  outer  part  of  the  gills,  cer- 
tain specialized  cells  arise  which  are  spoken  of  as  the  suh- 
hyineinal  layer,  and  from  these  cells  the  reproductive  cells,  or 
basidia,  develop.     The  basidia,  placed  closely  side  by  side,  con- 


14  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.         [Bull. 

stitute  the  hyuiciiiiiiii,  from  which  the  name  Hymeniales  is  de- 
rived. 

Certain  other  cells  are  frequently  found  among  the  basidia, 
which  resemble  them  closely,  but  lack  the  sterigmata  and 
spores;  these  are  sterile  basidia,  termed  paraphyses.  Still 
other  cells  are  found  in  the  species  of  the  Agaricacese,  which 
project  beyond  the  basidia.  These  cells  are  usually  large,  in- 
flated, and  in  some  species  contain  coloring  matter  which  gives 
the  gills  characteristic  colorings ;  these  are  the  cystidia.  These 
cystidia  sometimes  secrete  moisture,  which  collects  in  drops 
on  their  tips. 

The  caps  of  the  dififerent  species  have  characteristics  which 
distinguish  them  from  each  other.  Frequently  the  thick- 
walled  threads  which  constitute  the  outer  surface  of  the  cap 
are  filled  with  coloring  matter  which  gives  to  species  charac- 
teristic colorings.  The  green  and  red  tints  of  Riissnla,  the 
violet  shades  in  many  species  of  Cortinarius,  and  the  distinctive 
colors  of  the  different  species  of  Amanita  are  due  to  this  fact. 
These  thick-walled,  hyphal  threads  are  termed  the  cortex,  or 
cuticle.  In  many  species,  these  threads  excrete  viscid  or  slimy 
substances  which  are  peculiarities  of  species.  In  many  species 
of  Cortinarius  it  is  necessary  to  know  the  viscidity  of  the  speci- 
men before  it  can  be  placed  in  its  proper  group.  In  some  cases 
the  outside,  cortical  layer  of  the  hyphal  threads  ceases  to  grow 
as  the  cap  increases  in  size ;  consequently  it  becomes  torn  into 
fine  hairs,  fibers,  or  scales  of  various  sizes.  The  abundant 
scales  of  Pholiota  squarrosoides  arise  from  this  source,  as  do 
the  scales  and  tomentum  on  many  other  species. 

The  gills  are  the  folds,  or  plates,  on  the  lower  surface  of 
the  cap,  which  radiate  in  various  ways  from  the  stem  to  the 
margin  of  the  cap. 

For  accurate  determination  of  genera  and  species,  the  tech- 
nical terms  descriptive  of  the  gills,  employed  by  most  scientific 
writers,  must  be  carefully  studied  and  understood.  These 
terms  are  so  frequently  met  with  in  text-books  that  detailed 
definitions  are  hardly  necessary  in  this  report. 

Upon  the  character  and  shape  of  the  stem  depend  many 
of  the  distinguishing  features  in  the  identification  of  species. 

In  the  larger  number  of  Agarics,  the  stem  is  situated  in  the 


No.  3.]  HYMENIALES    OF    CONNECTICUT.  1 5 

center  of  the  cap,  giving  these  species  an  umbrella-Hke  shape; 
but  in  some  species  the  stem  is  attached  at  the  side  of  the  cap, 
when  it  is  said  to  be  eccentric.  If  the  stem  is  entirely  absent, 
the  cap  is  sessile. 

In  some  genera,  the  stem  is  fleshy  and  in  others  it  is  carti- 
laginous. The  fleshy  stems  are  usually  more  or  less  fibrous 
and  somewhat  spongy  when  broken,  while  the  cartilaginous 
stems  snap  readily  when  bent,  resembling  somewhat  the  break- 
ing of  a  pipestem.  The  outer  surface  of  the  stem  is  often 
covered  with  hairs  or  scales  which  arise  from  similar  causes 
as  those  on  the  surface  of  the  cap.  The  interior  of  stems  va- 
ries much,  being  often  solid  throughout,  but  frequently  hol- 
low or  stufifed  with  pithy  substances.  In  shape,  the  stems  vary 
in  the  different  species ;  often  they  are  large  and  bulbous  at  the 
base  as  in  many  species  of  Amanita  and  Cortinarius;  some- 
times they  are  cylindrical  throughout,  and  again  they  taper 
decidedly,  either  toward  the  apex  or  toward  the  base.  All  of 
these  characteristics  need  to  be  carefully  considered  in  noting 
the  distinct  features  in  each  specimen  collected,  for  no  two 
specimens  are  alike  in  every  respect,  even  of  the  same  species. 

The  veil  and  the  resulting  volva,  or  cup,  and  the  annuhis, 
or  ring,  are  peculiar  to  certain  Agarics,  and  need  to  be  care- 
fully observed,  for  the  nature  and  location  of  these  parts  indi- 
cate frequently  the  edibility  or  non-edibility  of  the  species. 

In  the  young  stage,  the  mushrooms  exist  as  small  knobs, 
or  "  buttons,"  of  mycelium  on  the  substratum.  At  this  stage, 
the  margin  of  the  cap  lies  closely  against  the  stem,  and  in  some 
genera,  as  Collyhia  and  Mycena,  the  margins  simply  expand, 
never  having  been  united  to  the  stem  by  any  special  structure. 
In  other  genera,  like  Agaricus  or  Amanita,  the  margins  of  the 
cap  are  closely  united  to  the  outer  layer  of  the  stem  by  a  more 
or  less  compact  net-work  of  fibers,  termed  the  veil.  This  veil 
remains  firm  for  a  time,  but  after  a  while  the  expansion  of  the 
cap  causes  it  to  rupture.  After  the  veil  is  ruptured,  a  part  per- 
sists for  a  time  on  the  cap,  giving  it  various  margins,  and  a 
part  remains  on  the  stem  in  the  form  of  a  ring,  or,  as  it  is 
technically  termed,  the  annul  us.  The  remnants  on  the  cap 
and  stem  vary  as  to  the  length  of  time  they  remain.  The  more 
delicate   the   veil   the   more   quickly   it   disappears,   and    it    is 


l6  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.        [Bull. 

seldom  found  on  certain  species  at  maturity.  On  other  spe- 
cies, the  veil  is  well  developed  and  persists  both  on  the  margin 
of  the  pileus  and  on  the  stipe  for  a  considerable  length  of  time. 
In  many  species  of  Amanita,  Agaricus,  and  Lepiota,  this  per- 
sistent ring  remains,  while  in  some  species  of  Cortinarius  the 
delicate  membrane  quickly  disappears.  In  Lepiota  procera 
the  ring  is  quite  thick  and  persistent  and  easily  movable  on 
the  stem.  In  some  species  of  Amanita,  this  membrane  makes 
a  delicate  curtain  which  completely  covers  the  hymenial  layers 
on  the  gills,  and  which  drops  around  the  stem,  when  ruptured 
from  the  margin  of  the  cap.  This  veil  is  usually  spoken  of  as 
the  partial  veil. 

The  genus  Amanita  possesses  both  a  veil  and  a  volva.  A 
layer  of  fungus  threads  completely  surrounds  the  fruit-body  in 
the  immature  mushroom,  forming  what  is  known  as  the  volva, 
or,  as  it  is  sometimes  called,  the  universal  veil.  As  the  stem 
lengthens  and  the  cap  expands,  this  universal  veil  ruptures  in 
various  ways  according  to  the  species.  In  this  rupturing,  a 
more  or  less  well  defined  "  cup  "  is  left  at  the  base  of  the  stem, 
differing  in  various  species.  In  some  cases,  the  universal  veil 
becomes  torn,  and  persists  on  the  cortex  of  the  cap  in  differ- 
ently shaped  "  warts  "  of  floccose  scales.  In  Amanita,  for  ex- 
ample, the  remnants  of  the  ruptured  outer  veil  are  white,  floc- 
cose, rather  compact  scales,  which  may  disappear  entirely  in 
the  mature  plant,  while  in  Amanita  solitaria,  the  scales  are 
found  to  be  thick  and  conical,  but  easily  rubbed  off,  and  in 
Amanita  ccesarca,  frequently  no  indications  of  the  ruptured 
veil  can  be  found  on  the  surface  of  the  pileus. 

The  vegetative  portion  of  the  mushroom  is  seldom  seen  by 
the  casual  observer.  A  mass  of  hyphal  threads  composing 
the  reproductive  or  fruiting  body  is  the  part  noticed,  the  vege- 
tative portions  being  hidden  beneath  decaying  leaves,  or  rami- 
fying within  the  cell  structure  of  the  host  plant. 

Key  for  the  Analysis  of  Connecticut  Genera  of  Agaricacece. 
The  Agaricacese  are  subdivided  into  five  divisions:  these 
divisions  depending  upon  the  color  of  the  spores  when  depos- 
ited  upon   an   opaque    surface.     After    collecting,    place   the 
mushrooms,  gills  down,  on  opaque  paper  for  a  while,  and  an 


No.  3.]  HYMENIALES   OF    CONNECTICUT.  1/ 

abundance  of  spores  will  accumulate,  making  possible  the  fol- 
lowing divisions : 

1.  White  Spores.     Spores  pure  white,  with  an  occasional 
slight  tinge  of  yellow  or  pink. 

2.  Ochre  Spores.     Spores  yellow-brown  or  rust  color. 

3.  Rosy  Spores.     Spores  pink  or  some  shade  of  pink. 

4.  Brown  Spores.     Spores  dark  brown  or  purple-brown. 

5.  Black    Spores.     Spores    black,    showing   no   tinge    of 
brown  or  purple. 

Key  to  the  White-S pored  Groiip."^ 

Margin  of  the  gills  acute i 

Margin  of  the  gills  longitudinally  split  or  grooved.  .  17 

1.  Mushrooms  soon  decaying  or  shrivelling 2 

Mushrooms  leathery,  woody  or  corky,  rigid  when  dry  15 

2.  Gills  not  attached  to  the  stem;  ring,  volva  or  both 

present  on  the  stem 3 

Gills  attached  to  the  stem  but  not  extending  down  it 

(adnate  or  adnexed) 4 

Gills  attached  to  the  stem  and  extending  down  it 

(decurrent)      10 

3.  Volva  and  ring  present Amanita 

Volva  present;  ring  absent Amanita psis 

Volva  absent ;  ring  present Lepiota 

4.  Volva  absent ;  ring  present Armillaria 

Volva  and  ring  absent 5 

5.  Plants   tough,   membranaceous   or   leathery,   drying 

quickly  but  reviving  when  moistened Marasniiiis 

Plants  fleshy   6 

6.  Cap  and  gills  very  crisp  and  brittle 9 

Cap  and  gills  not  crisp  and  brittle 7 

7.  Gills  attached  to  the  stem  by  a  small,  sudden  curve 

(sinuate) ,    Tricholoma 

Gills  not  sinuate 8 

8.  Margin  of  cap  inrollcd  when  young Collybia 

Margin  of  cap  straight  against  the  stem  when  young ; 

cap  slender,  bell-shaped Mycena 


Genera  not  reported  from  Connecticut  are  omitted  from  these  keys. 
2 


1 8  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.        [Bull. 

9.     Juice  of  plant  milky some  species  of  Lactarius 

Juice  of  plant  not  milky Rnssula 

10.  Stem  attached  at  one  side  of  the  center  of  the  cap 

(eccentric),  or  at  its  margin   (lateral)  ;  growing 

on  wood    Pleurotus 

Stem  central   11 

11.  Cap  and  gills  very  crisp  and  brittle;  juice  of  plant 

milky some  species  of  Lactarius 

Cap  and  gills  waxy 12 

Cap  more  or  less  firm  and  fleshy 13 

12.  Plants  parasitic  on  other  fungi;  gills  blunt Nyctalis 

Plants  not  parasitic  on  other  fungi ;  margin  of  gills 

thin,  but  thickened  at  union  with  cap.  . .  .Hygrophorus 

13.  Gills  thick  and  fold-like,  margins  blunt Caiitharellus 

Gills  thin,  margins  acute 14 

14.  Fresh  stems  breaking  with  clean,  sharp  ends. .  .Oiiiphalia 
Fresh  stems  breaking  with  fibrous,  ragged  ends. Clitocybe 

15.  Plants  leathery  in  texture;  gills  extending  down  the 

stem  (decurrent)  ;  plants  reviving  when  moistened     16 
Plants  woody  or  corky  in  texture;  stem  absent.  .Lcnzites 

16.  Margin  of  gills  toothed Lcntinus 

Margin  of  gills  not  toothed Panus 

17.  Margin   of  gills   split   into  two,   revolute;   growing 

on  wood Schisophyllum 

Margin  of  gi-lls  somewhat  crisped,  gills  resembling 
folds  or  wrinkles Trogia 

Key  to  the  Ochre-S pored  Group. 

Gills  not  separating  easily  from  the  cap i 

Gills  separating  easily  from  the  cap Paxilhts 

1.  Young  plants  covered  by  a  cobwebby  veil ;  ring  frag- 

ile when  present Cortinarius 

Plants  not  covered  by  a  cobwebby  veil 2 

2.  Ring  present  on  the  stem Pholiota 

Ring  absent  from  the  stem 3 

3.  Stem  attached  at  one  side  of  the  cap  or  ahsQni.Crepidotus 
Stem   central 4 

4.  Gills  dissolving  into  a  mucilaginous  condition  at  ma- 

turity;  cap  thin,  soft  and  pliable Bolbitius 

Gills  not  dissolving  at  maturity 5 


No.  3.]  HYMENIALES    OF    CONNECTICUT.  I9 

5.  Gills  with  a  small,  sudden  curve  where  joined  to  the 

stem  (sinuate)  ;  cap  usually  covered  with  minute 
scales  or  fibers ;  stem  fleshy,  fibrous  on  the  outside 

Inocybe 
Gills   not   sinuate 6 

6.  Stem  fleshy,  fibrous ;  cap  fleshy ;  gills  joined  squarely 

to  the  stem  (adnate),  or  running  down  stem  (de- 
current)    .Flammula 

Stem  brittle  or  cartilaginous 7 

7.  Margin  of  cap  inroUed  in  young  plant Naucoria 

Margin  of  cap  straight  against  the  stem  in  young 

plant    Galera 

Key  to  the  Rosy-Spored  Group. 

Gills  not  attached  to  the  stem  (free) i 

Gills  slightly  attached  to  the  stem   (adnate  or  ad- 

nexed)    2 

Gills  attached  and  running  down  the  stem   (decur- 

rent) 3 

1.  Ring  absent ;  volva  present Volvaria 

Ring  and  volva  absent Pluteus 

2.  Stem  brittle;  gills  soon  separating  from  stem. .  .Leptonia 
Stem  not  brittle;  gills  with  a  small,  sudden  curve 

near  the  stem   (sinuate) Entoloina 

3.  Stem  at  one  side  of  the  cap,  minute  or  absent.  .Claudopus 
Stem  central   4 

4.  Stem  fibrous;  margin  of  cap  inrolled  when  young.  . 

Clitopihis 
Stem  brittle;  cap  with  a  central  depression Eccilia 

Key  to  the  Brozvn-S pored  Group. 

Gills  attached  to  the  stem  (adnate,  adnexed,  or  de- 
current)    I 

Gills  not  attached  to  the  stem  (free) Agaricus 

I.     Ring  present ;  volva  absent Stropharia 

Ring  and  volva  absent,  but  veil  remains  attached  to 
the  margin  of  the  cap Hypholoma 

Ring,  volva  and  veil  absent Psilocybe 


20  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.        [Bull. 

Key  to  the  Black-S pored  Group. 

Gills  more  or  less  dissolving  at  maturity Coprinus 

Gills  not  dissolving  at  maturity i 

1.  Substance  of  fruit-body  waxy Gomphidhis 

Substance  of  fruit-body  fleshy  and  fibrous 2 

2.  Margin  of  cap  striate;  gills  not  variegated.  .  .Psathyrella 
Margin  of  cap  not  striate ;  gills  somewhat  variegated       3 

3.  Ring  present  on  the  stem Anellaria 

Ring  absent,  but  veil  often  present Panceolus 

AMANITA  Pers. 

A  name  given  to  some  esculent  fungi  by  Galen,  perhaps 
from  Mount  Amanus. 

The  young  plant  in  all  species  of  Amanita  is  covered  with 
a  universal  veil,  as  explained  in  the  characteristics  of  mush- 
rooms. As  the  cap  expands,  this  veil  ruptures,  leaving  a 
more  or  less  well-defined  margin  on  the  stem,  which  is  tech- 
nically termed  the  volva. 

The  partial  veil  in  the  immature  specimen  extends  from 
the  stem  to  the  margin  of  the  pileus,  enclosing  the  gills,  and 
when  ruptured  falls  around  the  stem  in  a  veil-like  ring.  The 
persistency  of  this  ring  varies  in  the  diflferent  species.  The 
pileus  is  fleshy,  convex,  expanding  with  age.  It  separates 
easily  from  the  stem,  and  differs  from  it  considerably  in  sub- 
stance. The  stems  are  long  and  usually  taper  somewhat  to- 
wards the  top.  The  gills  are  not  attached  to  the  stem ;  spores 
white. 

The  Amanitas  are  nearly  always  found  growing  on  the 
ground,  usually  in  open  woods,  but  are  seldom  found  in  open 
fields  and  pastures.  They  possess  perhaps  the  most  striking 
characteristics  of  any  of  the  fleshy  fungi,  and  when  once 
learned  they  are  seldom  mistaken  for  other  genera.  The  pure 
white  form  of  A.  phalloides  is  sure  to  attract  the  attention  of 
even  the  most  inexperienced  collector,  and  its  seeming  purity 
appeals  to  persons  seeking  varieties  adapted  for  table  use. 
Nevertheless  it  contains  the  most  violent  of  the  poisons  found 
in  the  whole  group  of  fleshy  fungi. 

The  colors  of  Amanita  vary  from  pure  white,  through  the 
various  tints  of  orange,  crimson,  and  scarlet    to  the  dull  red 


No.  3.]  HYMENIALES   OF    CONNECTICUT.  21 

and  brown  tints.  Because  of  a  few  species  which  contain 
deadly  poison,  the  whole  group  is  viewed  with  suspicion  by 
the  amateur  collector,  yet  many  of  them  are  listed  as  edible. 
However,  it  is  unsafe  to  class  any  specimens  of  Amanita  in  the 
edible  list,  unless  one  is  positively  sure  of  the  botanical  char- 
acteristics of  each  individual  specimen.  It  is  better  to  adhere 
very  closely  to  edible  species  which  cannot  be  mistaken  for 
non-edible,  than  to  be  less  cautious.  The  amateur  collector 
should  make  a  careful  botanical  study  of  this'  group  before 
venturing  far  in  his  search  for  edible  fungi.  The  variations 
in  each  species  should  be  carefully  noted  so  there  may  be  no 
mistaking  their  identity. 

Frequently  it  is  said  that  all  poisonous  forms  possess  a  cup- 
like volva  at  the  base  of  the  stem,  but  this  cannot  be  depended 
upon  as  a  reliable  means  of  identification,  for  often  the  uni- 
versal veil  ruptures  in  such  a  manner  that  few  remnants  are 
left  on  the  stem. 

In  this  locality  the  Amanitas  are  seldom  found  in  any  quan- 
tity before  June  15th,  and  are  very  abundant  from  that  date 
until  the  early  autumn  frosts.  They  seem  especially  plentiful 
in  the  chestnut  sprout-lands  of  the  state. 

Mcllvaine  reports  twenty-seven  species  as  occurring  in 
the  United  States.  Eleven  were  collected  in  Tolland  County 
during  the  past  summer,  and  one  in  Hartford  County, 

Amanita  bisporiger     Atk.  (two-spored). 
Mansfield,  Aug.   (89). 

A  new  species,  the  description  of  which  will  soon  be 
published  by  Professor  Atkinson. 
Amanita  Candida     Pk,  (shining  white). 

South  Windsor,  Hanmer;  Goshen,  Undcrzvood;  Mans- 
field, July,  Aug.  (296).     Edible  (McL). 
Amanita  caesarea     Scop,  (imperial). 

Mansfield,  July  (79).     Edible  qualities  uncertain. 
Amanita  flavo-conia     Atk.  {flavus,  yellow;  conns,  cone;  in 
allusion  to  color  and  shape  of  cap). 
Mansfield,  Aug."  (87). 
Amanita  Frostiana     Pk. 

Alansfield,  July  (183).     Poisonous. 


22  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.        [Bull. 

Amanita  muscaria     Linn,  (nntsca,  a  fly).  Fly  Amanita. 

Goshen,    Underwood;    INIansfield,    July,    Aug.    (276). 
Poisonous.     Plate  I. 
Amanita  muscaria    Linn.,  var.  alba  Pk.  White  Fly  Amanita. 

J\Iansfield.  July,  Aug.  (92).     Poisonous. 
Amanita  phalloides     Fr.   (phallus-like). 

Goshen,    Undcrivood;    Mansfield,    July,    Aug.    (171). 
Poisonous. 

Variable  in  color  from  white  to  dark  brown.     Plate  IL 
Amanita  rubescens     Fr.  (becoming  red). 

Mansfield,  Aug.  (83).     Edible  (McL). 
Amanita  strobiliformis    Vitt.  (having  shape  of  a  pine  cone). 

Rockville,  Hanuicr.     Edible   (Pk.). 
Amanita  verna     Fr.   (vernal). 

Mansfield,  July  (166).     Poisonous. 
Resembles  white  form  of  A.  phalloides  closely,  but  dif- 
fers in  the  manner  of  rupturing  the  universal  veil,  at  base 
of  stem. 
Amanita  velatipes     Atk.   {velatns,  veiled;  pes,  foot;  veiled 
stem ) . 

]\Iansfield,  July. 

AMANITOPSIS  Roz. 
a^arT-at,  Amanita;  oi^«c,  appearance;  resembling  Amanita, 

Like  Amanita,  the  young  plants  of  Amanitopsis  are  cov- 
ered with  a  universal  veil,  which,  when  ruptured,  leaves  rem- 
nants upon  the  surface  of  the  cap  and  at  the  base  of  the  stem. 
The  plants  of  this  genus,  therefore,  possess  a  volva,  or  cup, 
at  the  base  of  the  stem,  but  the  ring  on  the  upper  part  of  the 
stem  is  absent.  In  this  way  they  are  distinguished  from 
Amanita.  Formerly  these  plants  were  included  with  ths 
Amanitas,  but  the  closely  sheathing  volva  and  the  absence  of 
a  ring,  place  them  in  a  separate  genus.  All  species  of  Amani- 
topsis thus  far  determined  are  reported  edible,  but  some  spe- 
cies so  closely  resemble  poisonous  Amanitas  that  extremely 
careful  examination  should  be  made,  to  be  certain  that  no  trace 
of  a  ring  is  present  on  the  stem. 

A.  z'dginata  is  the  most  common  species  in  this  vicinity, 
and  is  usually  found  in  open  woods,  growing  among  the  leaf- 


Pi.ATK  II.     ADiaiiita  pliiilloiiies.     1  )radly  Amanita.     (Xatural  size.) 
Cap  white,  yellowish-brown  or  blackish-brown,  viscid  in  moist  weather  ; 

stem   smooth   or   floccose,  bulbous,  with   a   distinct  volva,  or  with  a  narrow 

margin  on  the  bulb  ;  ring  near  top  of  stem,  entire. 


No.  3.]  HYMENIALES    OF    CONNECTICUT.  23 

mold.  Its  characteristic  sheathing  volva  and  deeply  striate 
pileus  distinguish  it  from  other  species.  A.  volvata  is  also 
quite  abundant. 

Ten  species  of  American  Amanitopsis  have  been  reported. 
Four  are  reported  in  Connecticut. 
Amanitopsis  farinosa     Schw.  (mealy). 

Mansfield,  July  (78). 
Amanitopsis  strangulata     (Fr.)  Roz.  (choked). 

East  Hartford,  Rainbow,  Hanmer. 
Amanitopsis  vaginata     (Bull.)  Roz.  (having  a  sheath). 

Mansfield,  July,  Aug.  (147)  ;  East  Hartford,  Hanmer. 
Amanitopsis    vaginata     (Bull.)     Roz.,    var.    livida.     Pers. 
(livid). 

Mansfield,  July  (88). 
Amanitopsis  volvata     (Pk.)  Sacc.  (having  a  volva). 

Mansfield,  July,  Aug.  (259)  ;  Suffield,  Sept. 

LEPIOTA  Fr. 
Xctt/c,  a  scale. 

This  genus  is  distinguished  from  Amanita  and  Amanitop- 
sis, by  the  absence  of  a  definite  volva.  These  plants  have  a 
more  or  less  persistent  ring  on  the  stem,  but  the  volva  is  not 
present.  The  cap  is  generally  scaly  from  the  rupturing  of 
the  cuticle  and  the  remains  of  the  veil.  The  gills  are  not  at- 
tached to  the  stem,  but  are  joined  to  a  cartilaginous  collar 
which  surrounds  the  stem.  The  substance  of  the  stem  is  dif- 
ferent from  that  of  the  cap,  and  the  two  are  joined  in  a  socket- 
like manner,  so  that  the  cap  is  easily  separated  from  the  stem. 
The  ring  in  some  species  is  easily  movable  on  the  stem  when 
the  specimens  are  mature.     Many  species  are  edible. 

The  Lepiotas  are  more  frequently  found  in  gardens,  hot- 
beds and  lawns,  than  in  the  woodlands.  L.  proccra  is  some- 
times found  in  thin  chestnut  sprout-land,  or  where  the  timber 
growth  is  young.  The  white  spores,  absent  volva,  scaly  cap, 
and  somewhat  movable  ring  on  the  stem  easily  distinguish  this 
species. 
Lepiota  Americana     Pk. 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer;  New  Haven,   Clinton.     Edi- 
ble  (Pk.). 


24  COXXECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    XAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.        [Bull. 

Lepiota  asperula     Atk.  (slightly  rough). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmcr. 
Lepiota  clypeolaria     Bull,  (shield-shaped). 

Manchester,  Hanmcr. 
Lepiota  cristata     A.  &  S.  (crested). 

South  Windsor,  Hanmcr;  Xew  Haven,  Clinton;  Mans- 
field, July  (154).     Edible  (Pk.). 
Lepiota  farinosa     Pk.  (mealy). 

South  Windsor,  Hanmcr.     Edible  (Pk.). 
Lepiota  granulosa     Batsch.  (granular). 

South  Windsor,  Hanmcr. 
Lepiota  illinita     Fr.  (smeared  over). 

:Mansfield,  Aug.  (231).     Edible  (McL). 
Lepiota    metulasspora     B.    &    Br.    (having    obelisk-shaped 
spores). 

Mansfield.  July,  Aug.  (214). 
Lepiota  naucinoides     Pk. 

East  Hartford,  Hanmcr.     Edible   (Pk.). 
Lepiota  procera     Scop.   (tall).     Parasol  Mushroom. 

East  Hartford,  Hanmcr;  Goshen,  Undcrivood;  New 
Haven,  Clinton;  Mansfield,  July,  Aug.  (95).  Edible 
(McL).     Plate  HI. 

ARMILLARIA  Fr. 

Armilla,  a  ring. 

This  is  a  small  genus  which  closely  resembles  some  species 
of  Amanita  and  Lepiota,  but  differs  by  having  the  gills  attached 
to  the  stem.  The  substance  of  the  stem  and  pileus  is  also  sim- 
ilar and  continuous,  while  in  the  other  genera  the  stem  and 
cap  easily  separate.  In  A.  meUca  the  cap  is  honey-colored  or 
somewhat  brown  with  dark  scales.  The  inner  veil  is  present 
and  forms  a  distinct  ring  on  the  stem.  Often  the  plants  are 
found  attached  to  the  roots  of  living  trees,  and  are  considered 
harmful  parasites.  The  plants  are  clustered,  and  the  bases 
are  connected  by  a  rope-like  strand  of  mycelium. 

Armillaria  mellea     Vahl.  (honey-colored). 

Goshen,  Undcrivood;  New  Haven,  Clinton;  Mansfield, 
July  (164).     Edible  (Atk.).     Plate  IV. 


Plate  I\'.     .lr}nillaria  mellca.     Ilonev-culored  Armillaria.     (Natural  size.) 

Cap  covered  with  minute  tufts  of  brown  or  blackish  liairs,  sometimes  glabrous  ; 

llesh  white  or  whitish. 


No.  3.]  HYMENIALES    OF    CONNECTICUT.  2$ 

MARASMIUS  Fr. 
fiapaiyu),  to  become  completely  dry. 

The  species  of  Marasmius  are  small  plants  which  resemble 
Mycoia  and  CoUybia,  but  which  differ  from  these  groups  in 
having  properties  which  enable  them  to  revive  after  drying,  if 
moisture  is  applied ;  in  many  instances  they  resume  their  nor- 
mal form.  The  cap  is  tough,  thin,  and  more  or  less  regular 
in  shape.  The  gills  are  thin  also  and  pliant.  The  stem  is 
somewhat  brittle  and  of  a  different  substance  from  the  pileus. 

The  members  of  this  group  are  very  numerous  in  the 
woods  and  fields,  but  possess  little  food  value,  because  they 
are  usually  small.  Several  have  a  strong  flavor  of  garlic. 
The  species  most  plentiful  during  the  past  season  were  M. 
oreadcs,  the  ''  fairy-ring  mushroom,"  M.  rotnla  and  M.  co- 
hcerens.  The  plants  are  found  on  decaying  leaves,  rotten 
wood,  and  on  the  ground. 

Marasmius  cohaerens     (Fr.)  Bres.  (holding  together). 
Mansfield,  July,  Aug.   (189). 

Synonymous  with  Mycena  cohccrens  Fr.,  CoUybia  lach- 
nophylla  Berk.,  CoUybia  spinulifera  Pk. 
Marasmius  elongatipes     Pk.  (long-stemmed). 

Mansfield,  June (24). 
Marasmius  oreades     Fr.   (mountain  nymphs).     Fair3'-Ring 
Mushroom. 

Goshen,  Underwood;  New  Haven,  CUnton;  Mansfield, 
Aug.  (210).     Edible  (Pk.). 
Marasmius  retiphyllus     Atk.  {rete,  net;  phyUon,  leaf;  refer- 
ring to  the  netted  gills). 

Mansfield,  July,  Aug.   (205). 
Marasmius  rotula     (Scop.)  Fr.  (wheel). 

Mansfield,  June  (3). 
Marasmius  scorodonius     Fr.   (garlic-smelling). 

Mansfield,  June,  July;  Suffield,  Aug.    (4).     Used  for 
flavoring  (Cooke). 
Marasmius  semihirtipes     Pk.   (having  stem  half-hairy). 

Mansfield,  June,  July  (9). 

Marasmius  varicosus     Fr.  (varicose). 

Mansfield,  June,  July  (51). 


26  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.        [Bull. 

TRICHOLOMA  Fr. 
dpiE,  a  hair ;  Xwfia,  a  fringe. 

The  veil  is  wholly  wanting  in  most  species  of  Tricholoma, 
therefore  the  ring  and  volva  on  the  stem  are  absent.  In  some 
few  species  a  minute  veil  is  manifest  by  cobwebby  down  on 
the  margin  of  the  pileus.  In  this  genus  the  gills  are  joined  to 
the  stem,  and  are  more  or  less  strongly  notched  at  the  point  of 
union.  The  pileus  is  fleshy,  and  similar  in  substance  to  the 
short,  stout  stem. 

The  species  are  usually  found  in  moist  woodland,  growing 
on  the  ground  among  decaying  leaves,  but  occasionally  they 
occur  in  open  pastures.     Many  are  edible,  but  some  few  spe- 
cies are  said  to  be  poisonous. 
Tricholoma  albi-flavidum     Pk.  (yellow-white). 

South  Windsor,  Hanmer;  Mansfield,  July  (68). 
Tricholoma  album     Schaeff.  (white). 

Mansfield,  July  (85).     Taste  bitter  (Pk.). 
Tricholoma  equestre     Linn,  {equcs,  knight). 

South  Windsor.  Hanmer.     Edible  (Pk.). 
Tricholoma  personatum     Fr.  (masked). 

Manchester,  Hanmer.     Edible  (Atk.).     Plate  V. 
Tricholoma  portentosum     Fr.  (portentous). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer.     Edible    (McL). 
Tricholoma  rutilans     Schsefif.  (reddish). 

South    Windsor,    Hanmer;    Mansfield,    Aug.     (226). 
Edible  (McL). 
Tricholoma  sejunctum     Sow.  (disjoined). 

South  Glastonbury,  Hanmer. 
Tricholoma  transmutans     Pk.  (changing). 

Rainbow,  Hanmer.     Edible  (Pk.). 
Tricholoma  terreum     Schasfif.  (earthen). 

Rainbow,  Hanmer.     Edible  (Pk.). 

COLLYBIA  Fr. 

KoWvj^oQ,  a  coin. 

The  cap  is  fleshy  and  usually  thin,  and  in  the  young  plant 
the  margin  is  inroUed,  thus  differing  from  Mycena  which  this 
genus  resembles. 


Pi.ATF.  V.      Tf-icholotua  personaiii»i.     Masked  Tricholonia. 

(Natural  size,  often  larger.) 

Cap  variable  in  color,  generally  pallid,  tinged  with   lilac  or 

violet  ;  stem  thick,  solid,  somewhat  bulbous. 


Pi.aikVI.     Collyl'ia  raiiicata.     Rooted  Collybia.     (Reduced.) 
Cap  variable,  usually  brown  with  grayish  shades',  sometimes  almost  white, 
glutinous  when    moist;    Hesh  thin,  white,  elastic;    stem  tapering  upward;   root 
extending  deeply  into  earth,  tapering,  pointed. 


No.  3.]  HYMENIALES    OF    CONNECTICUT.  2/ 

The  stem  is  rather  brittle  on  the  outside,  but  is  frequently 
stuffed  with  fibers  within.  The  ring  and  volva  are  wanting 
from  the  stem,  and  the  gills  are  mostly  attached  to  it. 

This  genus  also  strongly  resembles  Marasmius,  but  the 
plants  lack  the  leathery  consistency,  and  do  not  revive  when 
once  dried. 

They  are  abundant  throughout  the  entire  season,  growing 
on  stumps,  logs,  decaying  leaves,  in  soil,  in  woodlands  and 
open  fields. 

Many  of  the  fleshy  species  are  desirable  for  food,  and  for- 
tunately are  abundant  and  have  a  long  season  of  growth. 
Many  of  the  more  fleshy  species  are  often  infested  with  larvae, 
and  need  careful  examination  before  preparing  for  the  table. 
None  of  the  species  as  yet  reported  have  been  found  poisonous. 
Collybia  acervata     Fr.  (heaped). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer;  Mansfield,  July  (124).     Edi- 
ble (McL). 
Collybia  butyracea     Bull,  (butter-like). 

Mansfield,  July   (64). 
Collybia  confluens     Pers.  (flowing  together). 

Mansfield,  July  (82). 
Collybia  dryophila     Bull,  (oak-loving). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer;  Mansfield,  July  (10). 
Collybia  esculenta     Wulf.  (esculent). 

East  Hartford,  July,  Hanmer.     The  best  edible  Colly- 
bia (Cooke). 
Collybia  lacerata     Lasch.  (torn). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer. 
Collybia  maculata     A.  &  S.  (spotted). 

East  Hartford,  Sept.,  Hanmer. 
Collybia  platyphylla     Fr.  {TrXarvc,  broad;  ^uXXo',  leaf;  refer- 
ring to  the  broad- gills). 

East  Hartford,  May,  Hanmer;  New  Haven,  Clinton; 
Mansfield,  June  (47).'    Edible  (McL). 
Collybia  radicata     Relh.  (rooted). 

East  Hartford,  Aug.,  Hanmer;  New  Haven,  Clinton; 
Mansfield,  July  (151).    Edible  (Curtis).    Plate  VL 
Collybia   strictipes     Pk.    (short-stemmed). 
Mansfield,  June   (53). 


28  COXXECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.        [Bull. 

Collybia  velutipes     Curt,  (having  a  velvety  stem). 

East  Hartford.  Sept.,  Hanmer;  Mansfield,  May  (345)- 
Collybia  zonata     Pk.  (zoned). 

Dolton.  July,  Hanmer. 

MYCENA  Fr. 
yuu^r/c,  a  fungus. 

This  genus  is  composed  mostly  of  delicate  plants  growing 
on  wood,  decaying  stumps,  among  decaying  leaves,  and  on  the 
ground. 

The  cap  is  more  or  less  conical,  and  in  the  immature  plant 
the  margin  lies  flat  against  the  stem,  in  contrast  with  the  in- 
curved margin  of  Collybia.  The  stem  is  frequently  long  and 
slender,  it  snaps  easily  when  bent,  and  is  usually  hollow.  In 
some  species  a  colored  or  watery  juice  exudes  from  the  stem 
when  it  is  broken.  The  gills  are  attached  to  the  stem.  Spores 
white. 

Mycoia  occurs  abundantly  in  woodlands  and  occasionally 
in  grasslands.  The  plants  promise  little  food  value  because 
of  their  small  size  and  thin  substance. 

Their  smallness  makes  the  determination  of  species  rather 
difficult.  A  few,  however,  have  characteristic  odors  which 
aid  in  establishing  their  identity. 

Mycena  cyanothrix     Atk.  (blue-haired). 

Mansfield.  June  (26).     Plate  VII. 
Mycena  epipterygia     Scop,  (en-/,  upon;  Trrepvyior,  little  wing). 

Mansfield,  July,  Aug.  (230). 
Mycena   galericulata     Scop,    {galericuhun,   a   small   peaked 
cap). 

Mansfield.  June  (6). 
Mycena   haematopa     Pers.    (bloody-stemmed,    referring   to 
juice). 

Mansfield.  July,  Aug.  (65). 
Mycena  pelianthina     Fr.  (n-fXtdc,  livid;  ixvBoQ,  flower). 

Mansfield.  Aug.   (261). 
Mycena  vulgaris     Pers.  (common). 

Mansfield,  Aug.   (5). 


Plate  VII.     Myccna  cyanothrix.     Blue-haired  Mycena. 

(Natural  size.) 

Cap  viscid  when  young,  blue,  becoming  pale  and  whitish  in  age, 

and  fuscous  in  center  ;  stem  clothed  with  blue  hairs  at  base. 


No.  3.]  HYMENIALES   OF    CONNECTICUT.  29 

LACTARIUS  Fr. 
Lac,  milk;  milk  producing. 

This  group  resembles  Rnssnla  in  some  respects,  but  is  eas- 
ily distinguished  by  the  abundance  of  milky  juice  which  ex- 
udes from  all  parts  of  the  plant  when  it  is  broken.  The  cap 
is  rigid,  somewhat  sunken  in  the  center,  and  often  marked  on 
its  surface  with  concentric  zones.  The  stem  is  stout,  solid, 
and  frequently  marked  with  peculiar  blotches.  The  gills  are 
attached  to  the  stem,  and  often  extend  down  it  in  decurrent 
lines.  The  species  are  determined  largely  by  their  character- 
istic coloring,  taste,  and  nature  of  milk.  The  colors  vary 
greatly,  and  the  taste  in  many  species  is  peppery  and  acrid. 
These  qualities,  however,  disappear  in  cooking,  and  many  of 
the  peppery  species  are  classed  among  esculent  mushrooms. 
The  color  of  the  milk  in  most  species  is  white,  but  it  often 
changes  rapidly  when  exposed  to  the  air.  For  example,  in 
L.  theiogalus  the  milk  quickly  changes  to  a  sulphur  yellow. 
In  L.  indigo  the  color  of  the  milk  is  a  deep  indigo  blue.  These 
characteristics  must  be  carefully  noted  when  the  fresh  speci- 
mens are  collected,  otherwise  their  determination  becomes 
difficult. 

Many  members  of  this  group  are  desirable  for  their  food 
value.  The  writer  has  enjoyed  many  meals  of  L.  volenius, 
and  L.  deliciosiis.  L.  corrugis  is  said  to  be  equally  desirable, 
but  it  does  not  occur  in  Mansfield  in  sufficient  quantities  to  be 
of  much  value.  They  are  remarkably  free  from  larvae  of  all 
kinds.  Nearly  all  species  grow  on  the  ground  and  occur 
abundantly.  During  August  of  the  past  season,  the  woods  in 
the  vicinity  of  Mansfield  contained  immense  quantities  of  L. 
deceptivus.  L.  volcmns  was  also  plentiful  throughout  the 
season. 

Lactarius  aquifluus     Pk.  (watery). 

South  Windsor,  Hanmcr.     Edibility  uncertain. 
Lactarius  blennius     Fr.  (slimy). 

South  Windsor,  Hanmcr.     Edibility  uncertain. 
Lactarius   camphoratus     (Bull.)    Fr.    (having   an   odor   of 
camphor). 

East  Hartford,  South  Windsor,  Hanmcr. 


30  COXNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.        [Bull. 

Lactarius  chrysorrheus     Fr.  (flowing  with  gold). 

Mansfickl.  Aug. (258). 
Lactarius  corrugis     Pk.  (wrinkled). 

Rockville,   Hanmer;   Goshen,    Underwood;   Mansfield, 
Aug.   (244). 
Lactarius  chelidonium     Pk.  (referring  to  the  Celandine,  a 
flowering  plant  with  yellow  acrid  juice). 

Goshen,  Undcrrvood;  Mansfield. 
Lactarius  deceptivus     Pk.  (deceitful). 

Goshen,    Undcrn'ood;   Mansfield,   Aug.    (319).     Plate 
VIII. 
Lactarius  deliciosus     (L.)  Fr.  (delicious). 

Goshen.  Undcrn'ood;  Mansfield,  July  (298). 
Lactarius  fuliginosus     Fr.  (sooty). 

Mansfield,  Aug.  (202). 
Lactarius  fumosus     Pk.  (smoky). 

Mansfield,  July  (188). 
Lactarius  griseus     Pk.  (gray). 

Mansfield,  Aug.  (198). 
Lactarius   hygrophoroides     B.    &    C.    (resembling   Hygro- 
phorus). 

East  Hartford,  South  Windsor,  Hanmer. 
Lactarius  indigo     (Schw.)  Fr.  (blue). 

Goshen,  Underzuood;  Mansfield,  Aug.  (321). 
Lactarius  luteolus     Pk.  (yellowish). 

South  Windsor,  Hanmer. 
Lactarius  lignyotus     Fr.  {\iyi'VQ,  a  smoke). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer.     Edible  (McL). 
Lactarius  pallidus     (Pers.)  Fr.  (pale). 

Manchester, /-/aH;;?rr.     Edible  (Cooke). 
Lactarius    pergamenus    (Schw.)     Fr.     (pergamena,    parch- 
ment). 

South  Windsor,  Hanmer.     Edible  (Cooke). 
Lactarius  piperatus     (Scop.)   Fr.   (peppery). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer;  ]\Iansfield,  July  (90).     Plate 
IX. 
Lactarius  pyrogalus     (Bull.)  Fr.  {-nvp,  fire;  yaAa,  milk). 

Goshen,  Underwood. 
Lactarius  subdulcis     (Bull.)   Fr.   (sweetish). 

Goshen,  Underwood;  Mansfield,  July  (41). 


^  ^  J' 

i^  3  > 

dog 

5  ^ 


•"^2 

•^•s 


No.  3.]  HYMENIALES   OF    CONNECTICUT.  3 1 

Lactarius  subpurpureus     Pk.  (purplish). 

Goshen,  Undcrivood. 
Lactarius  theiogalus     (Bull)    Fr.    (Geior,    brimstone;  yciXa, 
milk). 

Goshen,  Undcrivood;  Mansfield,  Aug.  (315). 
Lactarius  torminosus     (Schaeff.)  Fr.  (producing  gripes). 

Goshen,  Undcrivood. 
Lactarius  trivialis     Fr.  (common). 

Goshen,  Undcrivood;  Mansfield,  July  (157). 
Lactarius  vellereus     Fr,  (fleecy). 

Mansfield,  July  (91). 
Lactarius  volemus     Fr.  (volenia,  a  large  pear). 

Goshen,    Undcrivood;   Mansfield,  July    (141).     Edible 
(Fr.).     Plate  X. 

RUSSULA  Pers. 
Russiilus,  reddish. 

The  variations  in  coloring  in  the  species  of  Russula  make 
their  determination  difficult,  but  the  distinct  generic  character- 
istics seldom  allow  them  to  be  confused  with  other  genera. 
The  cap  is  regular,  with  a  more  or  less  prominent  depression, 
and  somewhat  rigid.  The  tissue  constituting  the  cap  and  gills 
is  composed  of  large  cells  which  easily  separate,  giving  this 
tissue  a  more  or  less  mealy  appearance  when  crushed.  The 
stem  is  short,  stout,  brittle,  very  smooth  without  and  spongy 
within.  The  veil  is  wholly  lacking,  so  there  are  no  indications 
of  a  ring  or  volva  on  the  stem.  The  spores,  when  viewed 
under  a  microscope,  are  roughened  or  warty,  and  are  white  or 
of  a  yellowish  tint  when  collected  on  a  dark  surface. 

The  species  of  Russula  resemble  closely  Lactarius,  but  lack 
the  milky  juice.  They  occur  abundantly  during  the  summer, 
and  until  the  severe  frosts  of  autumn  they  are  found  in  nearly 
every  woodland.  All  species  grow  on  the  ground.  ]\Iany 
species  are  reported  edible,  but  the  one  considered  the  most 
desirable  for  food  is  R.  vircsccns,  the  "  green  russula." 

All  edible  species  must  be  in  a  perfectly  fresh  condition 
when  cooked,  or  the  taste  is  strong  and  offensive.  Many  spe- 
cies have  a  characteristic  taste  and  some  a  characteristic  odor, 


32  COXNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.        [Bull. 

SO  their  identity  is  revealed  at  once.     When  R.  fastens  is  once 
known  it  is  rarely  forgotten,  and  the  strong,  acrid  taste  of  R. 
c nil- 1 tea  makes  a  lasting  impression  on  the  collector. 
Russula  aurata     (With.)  Fr.  {aurum,  gold). 

Mansfield,  Aug.  (305). 
Russula  adusta     (Pers.)  Fr.  (scorched). 

Manchester,  Hannicr. 
Russula  atropurpurea     Pk.  (dark  purple). 

South  Windsor,  Hanmcr. 
Russula  brevipes     Pk.  (short-stemmed). 

r.olton,  Hanmcr. 
Russula  citrina     Gillet  (citron-colored). 

Mansfield,  July  (115). 
Russula  compacta     Frost  (close-grained). 

South  Windsor,  Hannier. 
Russula  depallens     Fr.  (becoming  pallid). 

^Mansfield,  July  (72). 
Russula  flavida     Pk.  (yellow). 

Rockville,  Hannier. 
Russula  fcetens     (Pers.)  Fr.  (stinking). 

Mansfield,  July,  Aug.  (172).     Plate  XI. 
Russula  furcata     (Pers.)   Fr.   (forked). 

:\Iansfield,  July  (141). 
Russula  lepida     Fr.  (elegant). 

^Mansfield,  Aug.  (313). 
Russula  roseipes     (Seer.)   Brcs.   (red-stemmed). 

:\Iansficld,  Aug.  (328). 
Russula  sanguinea     (Bull.)  Fr.  (blood-red). 

Mansfield,  July  {yy). 
Russula  virescens     (Schccff.)   Fr.   (becoming  green). 

Mansfield,  July  (35).     Edible  (Pk.). 

PLEUROTUS  Fr. 

TrXevpa,  a  rib. 

The  pileus,  or  cap,  is  irregular,  more  or  less  fleshy,  and  in 
some  species  becomes  membranaceous  but  never  woody.  The 
stem  is  fleshy  and  of  the  same  consistency  as  the  pileus ;  in 
many  species  it  is  not  distinct  from  it.     The  stem  is  attached 


No.  3.]  HYMENIALES    OF   CONNECTICUT.  33 

at  one  side  of  the  center,  at  one  edge  of  the  pileus,  or  in  some 
species  it  is  lacking;  the  pileus  being  then  attached  directly  to 
the  substratum. 

When  the  stem  is  present,  the  gills  usually  extend  down  it 
for  a  greater  or  less  distance. 

This  group  is  usually  found  growing  on  wood  either  dead 
or  alive.  It  contains  many  edible  species.  The  well  known 
oyster  pleurotus  and  elm  pleurotus  are  among  the  most  desir- 
able of  these  species.  As  in  CoUybia,  these  mushrooms  are 
very  frequently  infested  with  larvae. 

Pleurotus  lignatilis     Fr.  (w^oody). 

Mansfield,  July  (81). 
Pleurotus  ostreatus     Jacq.   (oyster-like). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer;  Mansfield,  Aug.  (217).     Edi- 
ble (Pk.).     Plate  XII. 
Pleurotus  petaloides     Bull,  (like  a  petal  of  a  flower). 

Man^eld,  July  (158).     Edible   (Cooke). 
Pleurotus  sapidus     Kalchb.  (savory). 

South    Windsor,    Haiimcr;    Mansfield,     Nov.     (366). 
Edible  (Pk.). 
Pleurotus  serotinus     Schr.  (late). 

South  Windsor,  Haiimcr. 
Pleurotus  ulmarius     Bull,  (pertaining  to  the  elm). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer.     Edible  (Atk.). 

NYCTALIS  Fr. 

rv^,  night ;  from  inhabiting  dark  places. 

This  is  a  small  genus  of  mushrooms,  but  interesting  from 
the  fact  that  the  only  American  species  is  found  living  upon 
decaying  mushrooms  of  other  genera.  Some  of  the  species  of 
Russula  seem  the  most  frequent  host-plant.  The  cap  is  white 
or  grayish  white,  fleshy ;  stem  short ;  gills  blunt,  distinct,  thick, 
and  juicy. 

Nyctalis    asterophora     Fr.    (star-bearing;    from    the    star- 
shaped  bodies  in  the  dust  on  the  pileus). 

South  Windsor,  Hannicr:  Goshen,  Undcrivood. 


34  COXXECTICUT    GEOL.    AXD    XAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.        [Bull. 

HYGROPHORUS   Fr. 
vypoQ,  moist ;  fopew,  to  bear. 

This  genus  includes  many  species  which  are  highly  colored 
and  quickly  attract  the  eye  of  the  amateur  collector,  but  the 
species,  as  a  rule,  are  difficult  for  the  beginner  to  determine. 

The  plants  must  be  studied  while  fresh,  for  many  distin- 
guishing characters  disappear  upon  drying.  The  pileus  is 
rather  fleshy  and  generally  moist  or  viscid.  The  gills  are, 
perhaps,  the  most  distinguishing  feature  about  this  group  of 
plants.  They  are  very  sharp  or  acute  at  the  edges  and  are 
gradually  thickened  as  they  approach  the  pileus,  making  a  dis- 
tinct V-shaped  appearance  when  a  cross  section  is  made.  They 
also  have  a  peculiar,  watery  appearance,  and  are  of  a  waxy 
consistency.  Usually  the  gills  are  attached  to  the  stem  and  ex- 
tend down  it  in  decurrent  lines,  frequently  branching  consid- 
erably. 

Hygrophorus  caprinus     (Scop.)   Fr.  (caper,  goat). 

Mansfield,  Aug.  (274.) 
Hygrophorus  calophyllus    Karst.  (having  beautiful  leaves). 

Rainbow,  Hanuicr. 
Hygrophorus  ceraceus     (Wulf.)  Fr.  (waxy). 

Rainbow,  Hanmcr;  Mansfield,  Aug.  (254). 
Hygrophorus  chlorophanus     Fr.  (greenish  yellow). 

Mansfield,  June  (23). 
Hygrophorus  conicus     (Scop.)  Fr.  (conical). 

]Mansfield,  July  (130).     Plate  XIII. 
Hygrophorus  coccineus     (Schasff.)  Fr.  (scarlet). 

Rainbow,  Hanmcr.     Edible  (Cooke,  Pk.). 
Hygrophorus  erubescens     Fr.   (becoming  red). 

Rainbow,  Hanmcr.     Edible  (Cooke). 
Hygrophorus  Laurae     ]\Iorgan. 

Manchester,  Hanmcr. 
Hygrophorus  miniatus     Fr.   (red). 

Mansfield,  June  (35).     Edible  (Pk.). 
Hygrophorus  miniatus     Fr.  var.  lutescens  (yellowish), 

Mansfield,  July  (109). 
Hygrophorus  nitidus     B.  &  C.  (shining). 

Mansfield,  July  (175).     Edible  (McL). 


Plati:  XIII.     llv'^rophorus  coiinus.     Lon 

Hygrophorus.      (Natural  size.) 
Cap  conical,  acute,  often   lobed,  yellow  or   tuiged 
Avith  crimson. 


No.  3.]  HYMENIALES    OF    CONNECTICUT.  35 

Hygrophorus    pratensis       (Pers.)     Fr.     (pertaining    to    a 
meadow). 

Mansfield,  July  (io8).     Edible  (Cooke). 
Hygrophorus  puniceus     Fr.  (purplish  red). 

East  Windsor,  Hanmer.     Edible  (Cooke). 
Hygrophorus  virgineus     (Wulf.)  Fr.  {virgo,  a  virgin). 

Rainbow,  Haiuncr.     Edible  (Cooke). 

CANTHARELLUS  Adanson. 

Cantharus,  a  cup ;  from  form  of  cap. 

The  members  of  this  genus  are  more  or  less  funnel-shaped 
at  maturity,  or  at  least  quite  deeply  depressed  in  the  center. 
The  pileus  is  fleshy  with  a  rather  thick,  blunt  margin.  The 
characteristic  feature  of  the  genus  is  the  blunt  gills,  which  are 
usually  narrow,  and  in  many  species  they  resemble  veins  or 
wrinkles.  They  frequently  branch  and  join  by  net-like  veins. 
The  number  of  Connecticut  species  is  not  large,  and  their 
characteristic  features  are  so  distinct  that  their  identification 
is  not  as  difficult  as  in  many  genera.  Several  are  considered 
excellent  for  the  table.  CanthareUus  cibarius  is  thought  the 
most  desirable  species.  It  is  widely  distributed  and  is  found 
abundantly. 

CanthareUus  brevipes     Pk.  (short-stemmed). 

Rainbow,  Hanmer.     Edible  (McL). 
CanthareUus  cibarius     Fr.  (edible). 

Mansfield,  Aug.  (218).     Edible  (Pk.).     Plate  XIV. 
CanthareUus    cinnabarinus      Schw.   (having    the    color    of 
dragon's-blood). 

Goshen,  Undcrzvood;  Mansfield,  July  (232). 
CanthareUus  dichotomus     Pk.  (dividing  by  pairs). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer. 
CanthareUus  floccosus     Schw.   (woolly). 

Mansfield,  Aug.  (224). 
CanthareUus  infundibuliformis     (Scop.)  Fr.  (funnel-form). 

Mansfield,  Aug.  (94).     Plate  XV. 
CanthareUus  lutescens     Fr.   (yellowish). 

Manchester,  Hanmer. 


36  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.        [Bull. 

Cantharellus  rosellus     Pk.  (rosy). 
South  Windsor,  Hanmcr. 

OMPHALIA  Fr. 
o/u0a\dc,  navel. 
These  plants  strongly  resemble  Mycena  and  Collybia,  but 
differ  from  them  by  having  a  brittle  stem,  with  the  gills  run- 
ning down  it,  and  by  the  pileus  being  more  or  less  depressed 
in-  the  center,  frequently  becoming  funnel-form.  They  are 
usually  found  growing  on  wood,  especially  rotten  stumps  in 
swamps  and  damp  localities.  The  most  common  species  in 
eastern  Connecticut  is  O.  campancUa,  which  occurs  in  immense 
numbers.  The  specimens  photographed  for  illustration  grew 
on  a  rotten  stump  in  a  swamp  in  Mansfield.  This  is  the  only 
species  thus  far  reported  in  Connecticut. 

Omphalia  campanella     Batsch.  (bell-shaped). 

East  Hartford, //an;nfr;  Mansfield,  Aug.  (134).    Plate 
XVI. 

CLITOCYBE  Fr. 
kXitvq,  slope ;  Kvftr],  head. 

This  group  contains  a  large  number  of  species  whose  indi- 
vidual characteristics  vary  so  much  that  their  identification 
is  puzzling  even  to  the  experienced  collector.  It  belongs  to 
the  white-spored  series  of  Agaricaceae,  and  in  all  species  the 
ring  and  volva  are  absent.  The  pileus  is  generally  fleshy, 
thicker  in  the  center  and  narrowed  toward  the  margin.  The 
stem  is  similar  to  the  pileus  in  consistency,  is  somewhat  hollow, 
and  is  held  by  fibers  on  the  outside  so  that  it  does  not  break 
easily  when  twisted  or  bent. 

The  gills  are  joined  squarely  to  the  stem  (adnate),  or  in 
many  species  extend  down  the  stem  (decurrent).  They  occur 
usually  growing  on  the  ground,  and  frequently  are  found  in 
large  groups.  C.  illudens  is  often  found  grouped  in  large 
numbers  about  the  bases  of  stumps  of  old  trees,  and  C.  odora 
is  equally  abundant  in  decaying  leaves.  This  latter  species  is 
interesting  because  of  its  fragrance,  which  resembles  that  of 
water-lilies. 


13    o 


c  g- 


^S 


No.  3.]  HYMENIALES    OF    CONNECTICUT.  37 

Clitocybe  amethystina     Bolt,   (amethystine). 

East  Hartford,  Manchester,  Hanuicr. 
Clitocybe  clavipes     Pers.  (cliib-footed). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer. 
Clitocybe  odora     Bull,  (fragrant). 

Mansfield,  Aug.  (275).     Plate  XVH. 
Clitocybe  illudens     Sch.  (mocking). 

Mansfield,    July    (159).      Not    edible    (Atk.).      Plate 
XVHI. 
Clitocybe  infundibuliformis     Sch.   (funnel-form). 

Mansfield,  Aug.  (197).     Plate  XIX. 
Clitocybe  ochro-purpurea     Berk,  (ochreous  purple). 

Mansfield,  Aug.  (326). 
Clitocybe  trullissata     Ellis,   (scoop-shaped). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer. 
Clitocybe    laccata     Scop,    (made    of    lac,    a    resinous    sub- 
stance). 

Mansfield,  June  {77). 

Synonymous  with  Laccaria  laccata. 

LENZITES. 

After  Lenz,  a  German  botanist. 

In  Lenzites,  the  substance  of  the  pileus  is  leathery  and 
corky.  It  is  usually  horizontal,  more  or  less  zoned,  and  re- 
sembles several  genera  belonging  to  the  Polyporacese,  with 
which  it  is  commonly  classed.  The  gills  are  leathery  and 
tough,  unequal,  simple  or  branched.  All  species  grow  on 
wood. 

Lenzites  betulina     (L.)   Fr.   (pertaining  to  the  birch). 

East   Hartford,   Hanuicr;   Goshen,    Undcrn'ood;   New 
Haven,  Clinton. 
Lenzites  flaccida     (Bull.)  Fr.  (flaccid). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer;  Alansfield,  Feb.  (342). 
Lenzites  sepiaria     Fr.  {scpes,  a  fence  or  hedge). 
=  Sesia  hirsuta     (Schaefif.)  Murrill. 

South  Windsor,  Hanmer;  New  Haven,  Clinton. 
Lenzites  vialis     Pk.  (roadside). 

=  Sesia  pallido-fulva     (Berk.)  Alurriil. 
Goshen,  Underwood. 


38  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.        [BuU. 

LENTINUS  Fr. 
Lctitus,  tough  or  pliant. 

The  pileus,  or  cap.  of  these  plants  is  fleshy  and  leathery 
in  consistency,  becoming  very  tough  and  hard  at  maturity. 
The  gills  are  of  the  same  general  character,  and  thin  on  the 
margin"?,  which  are  toothed.  The  gills  extend  down  the  stem 
in  more  or  less  decurrent  lines. 

The  stem  in  the  different  species  is  attached  in  various  ways 
to  the  pileus.  It  may  be  central,  or  attached  at  one  side  of  the 
center  (eccentric),  or  it  may  be  attached  at  one  edge  of  the 
pileus  (lateral),  giving  it  a  shelving  appearance.  Several  spe- 
cies are  exceedingly  injurious  to  wood ;  the  mycelium,  or  vege- 
tative portion  of  the  plant,  inhabits  the  woody  tissue,  and  in 
many  different  ways  brings  about  destruction  of  the  cell  struc- 
ture, causing  decay.  L.  Icpidcus  is  usually  found  on  railroad 
ties  and  is  destructive  to  them. 

Lentinus  chrysopeplus     B.  &  C.  (golden-cloaked). 

]Mansfield,  June   (52). 
Lentinus  Lecomtei     Fr. 

Mansfield,  June  (i). 
Lentinus  lepideus     Fr.  (scaly). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmcr;  Mansfield,  Julv  (238). 
Lentinus  tigrinus     (Bull.)  Fr.  (tiger-spotted). 

East  Hartford.  Hanmcr. 
Lentinus  vulpinus     Fr.  (hairT*  like  a  fox). 

Mansfield,  July  (237). 

PANUS   Fr. 

The  name  of  a  fungus  growing  on  trees,  described  by  Pliny. 

This  group  very  closely  resembles  Lentinus,  and  by  many 
authors  the  species  are  classed  in  that  genus.  The  general 
characters  are  the  same,  but  the  margins  of  the  gills  are  en- 
tire, thus  differing  from  the  toothed  margins  of  the  gills  of 
Lentinus. 

Panus  farinaceus     Schum.   (mealy). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmcr. 
Panus  rudis     Fr.  (rough). 

South  Windsor,  Hanmer. 


No.  3.]  HYMENIALES    OF    CONNECTICUT.  39 

Panus  stipticus      (Bull.)  Fr.  (astringent). 

jNIansfield,  Aug.  (220). 
Panus  salicinus     Pk.  (pertaining  to  the  willow). 

New  Haven,  Clinton. 
Panus  torulosus     Fr.  (torulus,  a  tuft  of  hair). 

Mansfield,  June  (21). 

SCHIZOPHYLLUM  Fr. 

(7X''4^w,  to  split ;  (pvXXoi',  a  leaf ;  referring  to  the  split  gills. 

This  group  is  separated  easily  from  the  other  white-spored 
Agarics  by  the  peculiar  split  gills,  their  dense,  white,  woolly 
covering,  and  general  revolute  appearance.  Only  one  spe- 
cies is  found  in  this  locality.  The  appearance  of  the  plant, 
especially  when  growing  in  abundance  upon  a  log,  is  very  at- 
tractive, and  once  learned  it  is  rarely  forgotten.  The  pileus 
is  small,  thin,  and  covered  with  a  dense,  hairy  coat.  It  is 
variously  attached  to  the  substratum,  generally  at  the  side 
(lateral),  or  it  may  be  attached  at  or  near  the  center  of  the 
top.  If  collected  during  the  winter  months  and  placed  under 
a  bell-jar  in  a  warm  room,  the  pileus  quickly  expands. 

Schizophyllum  commune     Fr.   (common). 
Mansfield,  Oct.  (203). 
Synonymous  with  Sch!::opliy!hiiii  alncnni  Schr. 

TROGIA  Fr. 

After  Trog,  a  Swiss  botanist. 

This  small  genus  contains  but  one  species  reported  from 
Connecticut.  It  is  commonly  found  on  decaying  logs  and 
branches,  and  is  distinguished  by  the  characteristic  vein-like 
gills,  which  are  somewhat  curled. 

Trogia  crispa      (Pers.)  Fr.  (crisped  or  curled). 
Goshen,   Underzvood ;  Mansfield   (225). 

PAXILLUS  Fr. 

Paxillus,  a  small  stake. 

In  Paxillus,  the  gills  and  pileus  are  easily  separable,  and 
the  gills  are  so  intricately  connected  by  veins  that  many  of  the 
species  closely  resemble  those  in  Polyporacca;. 


40  CONXECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.        [Bllll. 

\\'hon  the  stem  is  present,  the  gills  usually  extend  down  it 
(decurrent),  and  the  edges  are  entire  and  acute.  The  pileus 
is  fleshy,  inrolled  in  the  immature  specimens,  and  more  or  less 
viscid  on  the  surface.  The  spores  are  ochre-colored.  These 
plants  arc  found  singly  or  in  tufts,  growing  on  wood  or  on  the 
ground. 

Paxillus  aurantiacus     Ellis  (orange-colored). 

Mansfield,  July  (234). 
Paxillus    atro-tomentosus      (Datsch)     Fr.     (having    black 
down). 

South  Windsor,  Rainbow,  Haiuncr. 
Paxillus  involutus     (Batsch)  Fr.  (involute). 

^lansfield.  July  (118).     Edible. 
Paxillus  panuoides     Fr. 

East  Hartford,  Hanmcr;  Mansfield,  July  (200). 

CORTIXARIUS  Fr. 
Cortina,  a  veil. 

This  genus  contains  plants  puzzling  to  the  amateur  col- 
lector, and  difficult  of  determination  even  by  the  more  expe- 
rienced. Because  of  the  peculiar  nature  of  the  plant  it  is 
necessary  to  have  specimens  in  all  stages  of  development, 
otherwise  the  identification  is  almost  impossible.  When  young, 
the  plants  are  covered  with  a  cobwebby  veil  which  is  distinct 
from  the  cuticle  of  the  cap,  but  in  the  more  mature  specimens 
this  veil  entirely  disappears,  except  in  some  species  where  a 
fragile  ring  is  perceptible  upon  the  stem,  or  minute  particles 
may  be  seen  on  the  surface  and  margin  of  the  pileus.  The 
plants  are  mostly  fleshy  throughout,  and  are  variously  colored ; 
many  have  beautiful  violet  tints,  but  the  majority  are  yellow 
or  brown. 

The  gills  in  the  mature  specimens  are  usually  densely  pow- 
dered with  spores.  The  number  of  species  is  large,  and  many 
are  found  only  in  the  fall,  for  they  seem  adapted  to  a  cooler 
season  of  the  year,  although  some  are  found  during  the  early 
summer. 

The  specimens  collected  by  Mr.  C.  C.  Hanmer  and  the 
writer  were  sent  to  Mr,  C.  H.  Kauffman  of  the  Department  of 
Botany,  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan,  for  identification.     Mr.  KaufT- 


Cap  ' 


XX       Cortinarius  ciiinamoiiicus  var.  set)ii-saH^utiifi/s.     Cinnamon- 
colored  Cortinarius      (Reduced  one-third. ) 
ana  non-col  )r,  covered  with  fibrils  when  young,  glabrous  when  mature. 


No.  3.]  HYAIENIALES    OF    CONNECTICUT.  4I 

man  has  made  a  special  study  of  this  genus,  and  his  opinion  re- 
garding the  accuracy  of  determination  of  species  is  valuable. 

Cortinarius  armillatus     Fr.  (ringed). 

Rainbow,  Hanmcr. 
Cortinarius  bolaris      (Pers.)  Fr.   (bolus,  a  clod  of  red  clay; 
allusion  to  color). 

Mansfield,  Aug.  (308). 
Cortinarius  collinitus     (Pers.)  Fr.  (besmeared;  referring  to 
glutinous  surface). 

Hartford,  Hanmer;  Mansfield,  Aug.  (184). 
Cortinarius  corrugatus     Pk.  (corrugated). 

East   Hartford,    South    Windsor,    Rainbow,   Hanmer; 
Mansfield,  Aug.  (285). 
Cortinarius  cinnabarinus     Fr.  (having  the  color  of  dragon's 
blood). 

Mansfield,  July  (136). 
Cortinarius  cinnamomeus     (L.)    Fr.   (cinnamon-colored) 
var.  semi-sanguineus. 

East   Hartford,   South   Windsor,   Hanmer;   Mansfield, 
July.     Plate  XX. 
Cortinarius  iodes     B.  &  C.  (violet). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer. 
Cortinarius  lilacinus     Pk.  (lilac-colored). 

Alansfield,  Aug.  (178). 
Cortinarius  turbinatus     (Bull.)  Fr.  (top-shaped). 
Rockville,  Hanmer. 

PHOLIOTA  Fr. 

^joX/c,  a  scale. 

The  members  of  the  genus  Pholiota  are  fleshy  both  in  cap 
and  stem,  and  the  substance  of  the  two  is  similar.  The 
volva,  or  cup,  is  absent  from  the  base  of  the  stem,  but  a  dis- 
tinct ring  is  persistent  near  the  top,  and  in  immature  specimens 
the  gills  are  covered  by  the  partial  veil.  The  color  of  the 
spores  serves  to  separate  the  genus  from  Ar miliaria  of  the 
white-spored  group  and  Stropharia  of  the  brown-spored  group. 
The  spores  of  Pholiota  are  a  rusty-red  with  a  yellow  tinge 
when  collected  in  quantity,  and  in  some  species  are  light  red. 


42  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.        [BuU. 

The  gills  are  closely  joined  to  the  stem,  and  are  often  rusty- 
brown  in  mature  specimens  because  of  an  accumulation  of 
spores  upon  them.  They  resemble  some  of  the  species  of  Cor- 
tinarins  of  this  same  group,  but  the  ring  is  stouter  and  more 
persistent.  The  species  of  Cortinarius  have  a  fine  cobweb-like 
veil  surrounding  the  immature  plants,  which  ruptures  with 
growth,  often  leaving  a  delicate  ring  on  the  stem,  which  quickly 
disappears. 

Pholiotas  are  found  on  tree  trunks,  old  stumps,  decaying 
wood  of  all  kinds,  as  well  as  on  the  ground.  Several  are  edi- 
ble, and  the  writer  has  found  Pholiota  squarrosoidcs  to  have 
an  especially  fine  flavor.  Several  species  which  have  been 
tested  have  been  found  bitter  and  tough. 

Pholiota  aeruginosa     Pk.   (crriigo,  verdigris). 

East  Hartford,  Haniiicr. 
Pholiota  curvipes     Fr.  (curve-stemmed). 

Mansfield,  July  (45). 
Pholiota  caperata     Pers.  (Avrinkled). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmcr. 
Pholiota  praecox     Pers.  (early). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmcr;  Mansfield,  June  (15). 
Pholiota  squarrosa     Miill.  (scurfy). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmcr;  New  Haven,  Clinton.    Edible 
(Curtis). 
Pholiota  squarrosoidcs     Pk.  (resembling  the  species  squar- 
rosa). 

Mansfield,  Aug.   (269).     Edible   (McL).     Plate  XXI. 

CREPIDOTUS  Fr. 

Kprj-TtQ,  a  boot. 

The  species  of  this  genus  are  usually  found  growing  on 
decaying  stumps  and  fallen  logs  in  woodland  swamps  and 
other  damp,  shady  places.  In  their  habit  of  growth  and  gen- 
eral appearance  they  strongly  resemble  PIcurotus,  but  are 
usually  smaller  and  differ  in  the  ochre  color  of  the  spores. 

Crepidotus  applanatus     Pers.  (made  level). 
Mansfield,  July  (146). 


No.  3.]  HYMENIALES   OF    CONNECTICUT.  43 

Crepidotus  crocophyllus     Berk,  (k-pfkoc,  saffron  ;  (/.uWoi/,   leaf; 
referring  to  color  of  gills). 

Mansfield,  July  (127). 
Crepidotus  malachius     B.  &  C.  (mallow-colored). 

Mansfield,  Aug.  (96).     Plate  XXII. 
Crepidotus  dorsalus     Pk.   {dorsum,  back). 

Mansfield,  July  (126). 

BOLBITIUS  Fr. 
l36\j3iTor,  dung ;  referring  to  place  of  growth. 

This  small  genus  is  interesting  because  of  a  peculiarity  of 
the  gills,  which  dissolve  as  the  plant  reaches  maturity,  but  do 
not  deliquesce  into  a  watery  substance,  as  do  the  species  of 
Coprinus.  The  cap  is  fragile,  yellowish  in  color,  and  usually 
very  mucilaginous  in  consistency,  especially  in  moist  weather. 

As  the  generic  name  signifies,  these  plants  usually  grow  on 
dung,  but  are  sometimes  found  growing  on  decaying  leaves. 
B.  variicolor  was  found  abundantly  under  shrubs  which  had 
been  heavily  manured  the  previous  fall. 

The  spores  are  of  a  rusty-red  color,  and  collect  in  large 
numbers  upon  the  mature  gills.     But  two  species  are  reported. 

Bolbitius  fragilis     (L.)  Fr.  (fragile). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer. 
Bolbitius  variicolor     Atk.  (variously  colored). 

Mansfield,  May  (22). 

INOCYBE  Fr. 
'tc,  fiber  ;  /.-u/3//,  head  ;  fibrous  cap. 
The  surface  of  the  cap  of  the  plants  in  this  genus  is  more 
or  less  thickly  coated  with  fine  hairs  or  fibrils,  the  remnants 
of  a  universal  veil.  The  gills  are  joined  to  the  stem  by  a  small, 
abrupt  curve,  but  in  some  species  they  are  joined  squarely  to 
the  stem,  and  they  may  also  extend  down  it,  thus  becoming 
decurrent.  Only  one  number  was  identified  during  the  past 
season. 

Inocybe  lanuginosa     Bull,  (downy). 
Mansfield,  July  (133). 


44  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.        [Bull. 

FLAMMULA  Fr. 

Flanuna,  a  flame. 

The  generic  name  of  this  group  signifies  the  brilHant  color- 
ing of  the  pileus  of  many  of  the  species.  The  plants  are  fleshy 
throughout,  and  the  gills  are  variously  attached  to  the  stem, 
but  are  never  free  from  it.  The  spores  are  yellow  with  a 
brown  tinge.  The  majority  of  these  plants  grow  on  wood, 
but  a  few  are  found  on  the  ground. 

Flammula  alnicola     Fr.  (inhabiting  alders). 

East  Hartford,  Haniiicr. 
Flammula  flavida     Pers.   (light  yellow). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmcr. 
Flammula  fusus     Batsch.  (spindle-shaped). 

Mansfield.  July  (196). 
Flammula  hybrida     Fr.  (hybrid). 

Soutli  Windsor,  Hanmcr. 
Flammula  magna     Pk.  (large). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmcr. 

NAUCORIA  Fr. 

Nancum,  a  nut-shell. 

The  Naucorias  are  small  plants  with  a  more  or  less  fleshy 
cap,  which  is  cone-shaped  or  convex  when  young,  becoming 
expanded  when  old.  The  margin  of  the  young  cap  is  always 
rolled,  which  distinguishes  the  genus  from  Galcra.  The  gills 
are  usually  free  from  the  stem,  but  in  some  few  species  are  at- 
tached, though  they  never  run  down  it.  N.  semi-orbicidaris 
is  the  only  species  yet  reported,  and  grows  abundantly  on  the 
lawns  in  this  vicinity.  The  spores  are  of  a  brown  rust  color. 
In  form  TV.  scmi-orbicidaris  closely  resembles  Stropharia  semi- 
globata  of  the  brown-spored  group ;  but,  aside  from  the  differ- 
ence in  color  of  the  spores,  the  ring  on  the  stem  of  S.  scnii- 
globata  distinguishes  it. 

Naucoria  semi-orbicularis     Bull,  (half-round). 

East    Hartford,    Hanmcr;    Mansfield,    June.      Edible 
(Atk.). 


No.  3.]  HYMENIALES    OF    CONNECTICUT.  45 

GALERA  Fr. 

Galcrns,  a  cap. 

The  cap,  or  pileiis,  is  more  or  less  membranaceous  in  char- 
acter, and  resembles  Mycena  of  the  white-spored  group. 
When  young  the  margin  of  the  pileus  lies  flat  against  the 
stem,  and  is  not  incurved  as  in  Naucoria.  The  stem  is  brittle, 
hollow,  and  fragile.     Two  of  the  few  species  were  collected. 

Galera  hypnorum     Batsch.  (hypiiiini,  moss). 

Mansfield,  Thorn. 
Galera  tenera     Schjeff.  (tender). 

Mansfield,  June  (i6). 

VOLVARIA  Fr. 

Volva,  a  wrapper. 

The  plants  of  this  genus  somewhat  resemble  Amanita  of 
the  white-spored  group.  When  the  plants  are  young,  they  are 
covered  by  a  universal  veil  which  bursts  as  the  plants  develop, 
leaving  a  distinct,  persistent  volva,  or  cup,  at  the  base  of  the 
stem.  The  stem  separates  easily  from  the  pileus,  and  the  gills 
are  not  attached  to  the  stem.  Growing  on  stumps  commonl}-, 
sometimes  in  soil.     Ring  entirely  absent. 

Volvaria  bombycina      (Pers.)   Fr.   (silken). 

East  Hartford,  Haiimcr.     Edible  (Curtis). 

PLUTEUS    Fr. 
Plnteiis,  a  shield;  from  conical  shape  of  the  pileus. 

The  relationship  between  this  genus  and  Volvaria  is  very 
marked.  They  resemble  each  other  in  all  respects  except  the 
volva.  The  species  are  generally  found  growing  on  decaying 
logs  or  stumps  of  trees.  P.  ccrvinus  is  plentiful  throughout 
the  season,  and  somewhat  resembles  CoUyhia  platyphylla  in 
habit  of  growth  and  coloring;  but  in  P.  ccrvinus  the  gills  are 
closer  together,  and  the  plant  lacks  the  general  coarseness 
which  is  characteristic  of  C.  platyphylla. 

P.  ccrvinus  is  edible ;  but,  like  many  of  the  fleshy  forms,  is 
frequently  infested  by  larv?e,  and  needs  careful  examination 
before  being  prepared  for  the  table.     This  species  varies  con- 


46  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.        [Bull. 

siderably  in  general  characters ;  some  writers  recognize  sev- 
eral distinct  varieties. 

Pluteus  admirabilis     Pk.  (admirable). 

Mansfield,  July  (ii6).     Edible  (McL). 
Pluteus  cervinus     Schaeff.  (ccrvns,  a  deer). 

Mansfield,    Julv    (20,    225).      Edible    (McL).      Plate 
XXIII. 
Pluteus  cervinus     Sclijeff.  var.  albipes   (white-stemmed). 

South  Windsor,  Hamucr. 
Pluteus  umbrosus     Pers.  (shady;  from  the  dark  color). 

South  Windsor,  Hanmer. 

LEPTONIA  Fr. 
\enT(k,  slender. 

The  Lcptonias  are  generally  found  growing  on  the  ground 
in  dry  pastures,  but  may  be  found  in  mossy  swamps,  and  are 
distinguished  by  their  slender  habit  of  growth,  thin  pileus  de- 
pressed in  the  center,  margin  inrolled  when  the  plant  is  young, 
and  the  brittle  character  of  the  stem. 

They  belong  to  the  rosy-spored  group,  and  many  species 
are  brilliantly  colored. 

Leptonia  formosa     Fr.   (handsome). 
Mansfield,  July  (145). 

ENTOLOMA  Fr. 

kvTOQ,  within  ;  Xwfia,  a  fringe. 

This  genus  is  a  suspicious  one  as  regards  poisonous  char- 
acters, and  the  species  should  not  be  collected  and  eaten  indis- 
criminately. The  fungi  are  fleshy  throughout,  the  volva  and 
ring  are  absent  from  the  stem,  and  in  many  other  respects  the 
species  resemble  Tricholoma.  The  color  of  the  spores  when 
collected  in  quantity  serves,  however,  to  identify  the  genus  as  be- 
longing to  the  rosy-spored  group.  The  spores  .when  examined 
under  a  microscope  are  distinctly  angular.  The  gilh  are  at- 
tached to  the  stem  by  a  sudden  curve  (sinuate),  which  fact 
separates  this  genus  from  the  other  rosy-spored  genera.  The 
determination  of  species  is  difficult  even  for  the  experienced 


No.  3.]  HYMENIALES    OF    CONNECTICUT. 


47 


collector,  and  careful  notes  need  to  be  made  regarding  the 
color  and  viscidity  of  the  cap,  and  other  evanescent  characters 
of  the  plant,  before  accurate  determination  is  possible. 
Entoloma  grande     Pk.    (large). 

Mansfield,  July  (162). 
Entoloma  Grayanum     Pk. 

Mansfield,  July  (161). 
Entoloma  rhodopolium     Fr.   (rosy-gray). 

South  Windsor,  Hanmer. 
Entoloma  strictius     Pk.  (constricted). 

South  Windsor,  Hanmer;  Mansfield,  July  (58). 

CLITOPILUS    Fr. 
kXitvq,  declivity ;  ttTAoc,  cap ;  referring  to  the  depression  in  cap. 

The  cap  in  Clitopilus  is  usually  depressed,  and  in  this  re- 
spect resembles  Eccilia,  but  the  stem  is  less  brittle,  being  more 
fleshy  and  fibrous  in  substance. 

The  species  grow  on  the  ground.  Mcllvaine  says,  "  Some 
of  the  best  of  edible  kinds  are  within  this  genus ;  a  few  are  un- 
pleasant raw,  none  poisonous."  The  attachment  of  the  gills 
to  the  stem  should  be  carefully  noted,  so  that  the  genus  be  not 
confused  with  Entoloma  of  this  same  rosy-spored  group.  In 
the  latter  genus  the  gills  are  sinuate,  and  in  Clitopilus  they  are 
more  or  less  squarely  joined  to  the  stem  or  run  down  it. 

Clitopilus  abortivus     B.  &  C.  (abortive). 

New  Haven,  Clinton. 
Clitopilus  micropus     Pk.    (short-stemmed). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer. 
Clitopilus  noveboracensis     Pk.  (New  York  Clitopilus)  var. 
tomentosipes  Pk.   (downy-stemmed). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer. 
Clitopilus  noveboracensis     Pk,  var.  umbilicatus  Pk. 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer. 
Clitopilus  Orcella     Bull. 

Mansfield,  Aug.  (216).     Edible  (McL). 
Clitopilus  popinalis     Fr.  (belonging  to  a  cook-shop ;  refer- 
ring to  its  edible  qualities). 

Mansfield,  Aug.   (262). 


48  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.        [Bull. 

Clitopilus  tardus     Pk.  (late). 

East  Hartford,  Jan.,  greenhouse,  Haiimcr. 
Clitopilus  unitinctus     Pk.   (one-colored). 

East  Hartford,  Hainncr. 

ECCILIA  Fr. 
tyK-otAoc,  hi^llowed  out. 
This  small  genus  has  characters  similar  to  those  of  Om- 
pJialia  of  the  white-spored  group.  The  pileus  is  depressed  in 
the  center,  and  when  young  the  margin  is  inroUed.  The  stem 
is  brittle  as  in  Entoloma,  but  the  gills  differ  by  extending  down 
the  stem  (decurrent). 

Eccilia  carneo-grisea     B.  and  Br.   (grayish  flesh-colored). 
East  Hartford,  Hatiiitcr. 

AGARICUS  Linn. 

'AyriptKor,  a  name  for  a  fungus. 

This  genus  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  in  the  Agari- 
cacea;  because  of  the  economic  importance  of  many  of  the 
species.  It  contains  some  of  the  best  known  species,  and 
their  marked  characters  prevent  their  being  confused  with 
poisonous  or  harmful  mushrooms.  The  entire  plant  is  more 
or  less  fleshy,  and  the  stem  has  a  distinct  ring;  in  some  spe- 
cies it  disappears  as  the  plant  matures,  but  in  the  young  plant 
it  is  quite  distinct,  and  is  formed  by  the  rupturing  of  the  veil, 
which  at  first  encloses  the  gills.  The  gills  are  free  from  the 
stem,  which  easily  distinguishes  the  genus  from  Stropharia, 
and  the  abundance  of  brown  spores  which  are  formed  on  the 
under  surface  of  the  gills  in  mature  plants,  together  with  the 
presence  of  a  ring  upon  the  stem,  prevent  its  confusion  with 
other  genera.  The  species  strongly  resemble  some  of  the 
Lepiotas  of  the  white-spored  group.  As  far  as  known,  no  spe- 
cies are  poisonous.  A.  campestris  occurs  in  considerable 
quantities  in  the  vicinity  of  Mansfield,  and  its  long  season  of 
growth  makes  it  a  valuable  species.  It  is  one  of  the  most  fa- 
miliar species,  and  nearly  every  one,  even  the  most  inexpe- 
rienced collector,  is  familiar  with  "  those  toadstools  which  are 
pink  or  brown  on  the  under  side."     This  common  field  or  pas- 


Platk  XXIV.     Agaricus  campestris.     Field  Mushroom      Edible  Mushroom. 

(Natural  size.) 

Cap  white,  light  or  dark  gray,  smooth  or  silky  floccose  ;  gills  at  first  pink,  then 

dark  brown  ;  ring  often  disappearing  in  mature  specimens  ;  spores  brown. 


No.  3.]  HYMENIALES   OF    CONNECTICUT.  49 

ture  mushroom  varies  much  in  its  size  and  coloring,  but  the 
principal  distinguishing  characters  remain  the  same.  This 
is  the  species  ordinarily  cultivated.  All  members  of  the  genus 
grow  on  the  ground,  and  by  far  the  larger  number  grow  in 
open,  cultivated  fields  or  meadows,  but  some  are  found  in  the 
woods. 

Agaricus  abruptus     Pk.    (abrupt,   referring  to   the   abrupt 
termination  of  stem). 

Manchester,  Hanmer;  Mansfield,  Aug.  (201). 
Agaricus     arvensis       Schsefif.      (belonging     to     cultivated 
ground).     Plowed-land  Mushroom.     Edible    (Pk.). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer. 
Agaricus  campestris  L.     {campus,  a  field). 

New  Haven,  Clinton;  Mansfield,  Aug.     Edible.     Plate 
XXIV. 
Agaricus  placomyces     Pk.  (a  flat  fungus). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer.     Edible  (Miller). 
Agaricus  Rodmanii     Pk. 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer.     Edible  (Pk). 

STROPHARIA  Fr. 

arp6(pioy,  a  belt ;  referring  to  the  ring. 

This  genus  is  separated  from  Agaricus  by  the  attachment 
of  the  gills  to  the  stem.  When  young  the  plants  are  covered 
by  a  partial  veil,  which  leaves  a  distinct  ring  on  the  stem  when 
it  bursts.  The  cap  and  stem  are  fleshy,  and  the  plants  are 
considered  edible  by  some  writers  and  poisonous  by  others. 
Growing  on  the  ground  or  on  dung. 

Stropharia  semi-globata     Batsch.  (hemispherical). 

Mansfield,  June  (13). 
Stropharia  stercoraria     Fr.   (pertaining  to  dung). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer. 

HYPHOLOMA  Fr. 

vcpoc,  a  web ;  Xwfia,  a  fringe. 

Hypholoma  is  quite  easily  separated  from  the  other  genera 
of  the  brown-spored  group,  by  the  veil  which  covers  the  gills 

4 


50  COXXECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.        [Bllll. 

in  the  young  specimens,  the  remnants  of  which  remain  at- 
tached to  the  margin  of  the  cap  in  the  matured  plants.  The 
whole  plant  has  a  fleshy  consistency,  and  many  species  are 
edible.  The  plants  are  found  more  abundantly  as  winter  ap- 
proaches, and  the  writer  has  collected  them  during  November 
after  the  most  severe  frosts.  The  plants  grow  singly  or  in 
groups,  but  more  frequently  they  arc  thickly  clustered  on  the 
surface  of  decaying  logs  or  stumps. 

Hypholoma  appendiculatum     Bull,  (provided  with  a  small 
appendage). 

Mansfield,  June   (2). 
Hypholoma  fasciculare     Huds.  (fasciculus,  a  small  bundle). 

North  Bloomfield,  Hanmer. 
Hypholoma  perplexum     Pk.    (perplexing). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer. 
Hypholoma  sublateritium     Sch?eff.   (almost  brick-colored). 

Mansfield,  Oct.     Plate  XXA'. 
Hypholoma  rugocephalum     Atk.  (having  a  wrinkled  head). 

Rainbow,  Hanmer. 

PSILOCYBE  Fr. 
•<l/ik6Q,  naked ;  »rv/3>/,  head. 

This  small  genus  is  distinguished  by  the  absence  of  the 
veil  which  occurs  in  the  other  genera  of  the  brown-spored 
group.  In  the  young  plants,  the  margins  of  the  pileus  are  in- 
rolled.     The  stem  is  more  cartilaginous  than  in  other  genera. 

Psilocybe  fcenisecii     Pers.  (fccnisicia,  mown  hay). 
East  Hartford,  Hanmer. 

COPRINUS  Pers. 

KoirpoQ,  dung;  referring  to  the  place  of  growth. 

The  distinguishing  characters  of  this  genus  are  so  evident 
that  the  plants  cannot  be  confounded  with  other  genera,  even 
by  the  most  inexperienced  collector.  The  plants  are  common 
on  lawns  and  on  decaying  manure,  but  are  sometimes  found 
on  decaying  stumps  and  logs.  The  caps  spring  up  quickly 
and  disappear  just  as  rapidly.     Some  of  the  more  fragile  spe- 


Plate  XXVI.     Coprinus  coinatiis.     Shaggy-mane  Mushroom. 
(Natural  size.) 
Cap  white,  covered  with  shaggy  scales,  oblong  when  young,  expanding 
when  mature  ;  gills  at  first  white,  then  tinged  with  pink,  finally  dark  purple 
or  black  ;  spores  black.     Plant  deliquescing  at  maturity. 


No.  3-]  HYMENIALES    OF    CONNECTICUT.  5I 

cies  last  for  onl\-  a  very  short  time.  Several  times  during  col- 
lecting trips,  species  of  this  genus  have  been  gathered,  and 
before  reaching  the  laboratory  they  have  almost  entirely  dis- 
solved into  a  black  fluid.  This  fluid  is  colored  by  the  abun- 
dance of  inky-black  spores  which  are  formed  on  the  mature 
gills. 

The  plants  vary  from  minute  forms  found  on  manure  heaps 
to  the  "  shaggy  mane  "  which  often  grows  to  a  considerable 
size.  The  species  are  usually  clustered  and  occur  in  consid- 
erable quantities  where  found. 

In  July  of  the  past  summer,  the  writer  found  a  very  rotten 
maple  stump  with  several  large  clumps  of  C.  atramciitaritis 
growing  at  its  base.  Knocking  the  stump  to  pieces  the  in- 
terior was  found  crowded  with  well  developed  caps.  These 
were  cooked  and  were  very  tender  and  deliciously  flavored. 
The  plants  mature  so  quickly,  especially  in  moist  weather,  that 
it  is  necessary  to  keep  a  careful  watch  for  them  if  they  are  to 
be  gathered  while  fresh. 

Coprinus  atramentarius     (Bull.)   Fr.   (ink)-). 

Mansfield,  July.     Edible  (Atk.). 
Coprinus  comatus     Fr.   (hairy). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmcr ;  New  Haven,  Clinton.     Edible 
(Atk.).     Plate  XXVI. 
Coprinus  micaceus     (Bull.)  Fr.  (granular), 

Mansfield,  Aug.  (314).     Edible  (McL). 
Coprinus  plicatilis     Fr.  (folded). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmcr. 

GOMPHIDIUS  Fr. 
yofKpoQ,  a  peg. 

Goniphidius  includes  a  small  number  of  species  which  pos- 
sess marked  characteristics.  The  color  of  the  spores,  however, 
is  often  misleading.  Atkinson  says,  "  The  spores  in  some 
species  are  blackish,  and  for  this  reason  the  genus  has  been 
placed  by  many  with  the  black-spored  Agarics,  while  its  true 
relationship  is  probably  with  the  genus  Hygrophorns  or  Pax- 
ilhis." 

When  the  plants  are  young,  they  are  covered  by  a  gluti- 


52  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.        [Bllll. 

nous,  universal  veil,  which  gives  them  a  slimy  appearance. 
The  gills  are  soft  and  mucilaginous  in  consistency,  and  extend 
down  the  stem,  prominently  decurrent.  But  one  species  is 
reported. 

Gomphidius  rhodoxanthus     Schw.    (yellowish-red). 
South  Windsor,  Hanmcr. 

PSATHYRELLA  Fr. 

yl^aQvpoQ,  fragile. 

In  Psathyrclla  the  pileus  is  very  thin,  membranaceous  and 
striate.  The  gills  are  not  spotted  as  in  Panccohis  and  Anellaria, 
and  at  maturity  become  black  by  the  accumulation  of  spores 
upon  their  surface.  P.  disseminata  was  found  in  immense 
quantities  in  the  greenhouses  of  A.  N.  Pierson  at  Cromwell, 
Connecticut. 

Psathyrella    disseminata       Pers.     {disscmino,    to    scatter; 
widely  spread). 

Cromwell,  March. 

ANELLARIA  Karst. 
Audi  us,  a  little  ring. 

The  relationship  between  this  genus  and  Panaohis  is  very 
close,  but  in  the  latter  genus  the  ring  is  wanting,  while  in 
Anellaria  it  is  either  persistently  present  or  forms  a  zone 
around  the  stem. 

Anellaria  separata     (L.)   Karst.  (distinct,  separate). 
East  Hartford,  Hanmer. 

PAN^OLUS  Fr. 

travaioKoQ,  variegated. 

This  genus  has  distinct  characters,  and  when  once  deter- 
mined it  is  not  easily  confused  with  other  genera.  It  lacks 
the  dissolving  qualities  of  Coprinus  and  the  ringed  stem  of 
Anellaria,  but  possesses  a  veil  which  often  remains  on  the  mar- 
gin of  the  pileus.  Mcllvaine  says,  "  Panccohis  in  its  entirety 
has  a  precise-looking  membership.  If  the  gills  were  cut  from 
cardboard  and  fixed  by  machinery,  they  could  not  be  more 


No.  3.]  HYMENIALES    OF    CONNECTICUT.  53 

correct.     Some  of  the  species  are  among  the  earliest  arrivals 
at  toadstool  lawn  parties,  and  some  are  the  last  to  leave." 

During  the  past  season  P.  retirugiis  was  exceedingly  abun- 
dant in  the  flower  beds  on  the  campus  at  the  Connecticut  Agri- 
rultural  College,  and  could  be  collected  almost  any  day 
throughout  the  entire  season.  P.  solidipes  is  an  attractive 
looking  plant.  Its  large  size,  pure  white  color,  and  symmetri- 
cal shape  give  it  a  pleasing  individuality. 

Panaeolus  campanulatus     Linn,   (bell-shape). 

Mansfield,  June  (17). 
Panaeolus  retirugus     Fr.  {rete,  a  net ;  ruga,  a  wrinkle) . 

Mansfield,  June  (14). 
Panaeolus  solidipes     Pk.    (solid-stemmed). 

Mansfield,  July   (229).     Plate  XXVII. 

■POLYPORACE^   Fr.     Tube-bearing  Fungi. 

The  Polyporaces  are  in  most  cases  easily  distinguished 
from  members  of  other  families  by  the  characteristic  spore- 
bearing  surface,  which  is  composed  of  more  or  less  regular, 
distinct  tubes,  with  conspicuous  or  inconspicuous  mouths. 

The  substance  of  the  fruit-body  in  some  genera  is  similar 
to  the  fruit-body  of  the  Agaricacese,  but  the  spores  are  pro- 
duced within  pores  on  the  lower  surface  of  the  cap.  In  some 
genera  these  pore-bearing  surfaces  are  variously  convoluted 
and  ridged  so  that  they  resemble  the  gill-bearing  Agarics;  in 
other  genera  they  are  more  or  less  torn,  somewhat  resembling 
genera  of  Hydnacese.  The  family  is  a  large  one,  and  contains 
many  edible  species,  especially  in  the  Boletus  group,  but,  as  in 
many  of  the  Agaricacese,  they  are  frequently  too  badly  infested 
by  larvae  to  be  used  for  food. 

The  plants  are  found  abundantly  in  all  sections  of  the  state, 
growing  on  trees  either  in  a  parasitic  or  saprophytic  manner, 
and  many,  especially  the  fleshy  forms,  are  found  on  the  ground, 
in  decaying  leaves  or  other  vegetable  substances. 

The  plants  vary  much  in  their  consistency,  some  being 
fleshy,  others  leathery  or  woody.  Some  are  annuals,  others 
are  perennials,  adding  new  layers  of  growth  each  year.  In 
many  species  of  Pomes,  the  new  spore-bearing  surface  grows 


54  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAl.    HIST.    SURVEY.        [Bull. 

directly  over  the  growth  of  the  previous  year,  and  distinct 
zones  of  annual  growth  are  thus  formed. 

Some  members  of  this  family  form  thin  plates  of  spore- 
bearing  bodies  over  the  surface  of  logs,  or  decaying  wood,  and 
resemble  the  other  species  so  slightly  that  they  are  frequently 
not  recognized  by  the  inexperienced  collector  as  fungi  of  the 
same  family.  Examples  of  this  manner  of  growth  may  be 
found  in  Trametcs,  and  such  plants  are  spoken  of  as  rcsupinate 
forms,  which  means  that  the  spore-bearing  surface  lies  upon 
its  back,  the  pores  always  pointing  outward,  then  downward. 
No  classification  based  upon  the  color  of  the  spores  has  yet 
been  made,  but  the  divisions  depend  principally  upon  the  tex- 
ture of  the  cap  and  the  arrangement  of  the  pores. 

Dr.  W.  A.  Murrill  of  the  New  York  Botanical  Gardens, 
Bronx  Park,  New  York  City,  has  done  much  research  work  in 
this  group,  especially  in  the  genera  Polyporus,  Foiiics,  and 
Polystictus,  and  the  results  of  his  investigations  may  be  found 
in  the  publications  of  the  Torrey  Botanical  Club.  Dr.  Murrill 
very  kindly  identified  specimens  collected  by  Mr.  C.  C.  Han- 
mer.  As  the  nomenclature  adopted  in  this  report  is  that  of 
Saccardo's  "  Sylloge  Fungorum,"  the  writer  considered  it 
better  to  follow  a  uniform  system,  but  the  nomenclature  of 
Dr.  Murrill  is  appended  wherever  his  determination  varies 
from  the  Saccardo  list. 

Key  for  the  Analysis  of  Connecticut  Genera  of  Polyporacecc. 

Pores  free  from  each  other  though  standing  closely 

side  by  side,  and  appearing  as  though  joined.  .Fistnlina 
Pores  more  or  less  closely  united i 

1.  Pores  easily  separable  from  the  cap 2 

Pores  not  easily  separable  from  the  cap 4 

2.  Cap  covered  Avith  large  scales Strobilomyces 

Cap  not  covered  with  large  scales 3 

3.  Pores  in  radiating  lines,  tubes  often  adhering  to  cap 

Boletinus 
Pores  not  in  radiating  lines Boletus 

4.  Pores  large  at  first,  radiating  from  a  central  stem  or 

lateral  attachment ;   substance  of  cap  tough   and 
leatherv Favolus 


No.  3.]  HYMENIALES    OF    CONNECTICUT.  55 

Pores  gill-like  in  concentric  circles Cyclomyces 

Pores   glutinous Glceoporus 

Pores  small  and  round 2 

5.  Pores  immersed  in  flesh  of  cap,  of  uneven  depth ....       6 
Pores  not  immersed  in  flesh  of  cap,  not  of  uneven 

depth 8 

6.  Pores  in  intricate  and  serpentine  lines 7 

Pores  not  in  intricate  and  serpentine  lines ;  substance 

of  the  cap  corky,  cap  often  lying  upon  its  back .... 

Tratnetes 

7.  Lines  deep  and  distinct ;  plants  corky Dccdalca 

Lines  shallow  ;  plants  somewhat  gelatinous Merulius 

8.  Substance   of    fruit-body    in    distinct    annual    layers 

(stratose),  woody Fonics 

Substance  of  fruit-body  not  in  distinct  annual  layers .       9 

9.  Plants  membranaceous  or  leathery Polystictus 

Plants  fleshy  and  tough,  often  becoming  woody.  . .  . 

Polyporus 

FISTULINA  Bull. 
Fistula,    a   pipe. 

This  genus  is  a  small  one  with  but  one  species  reported 
from  Connecticut.  Its  characteristics  are  very  marked,  so 
the  plants  are  not  easily  confused  with  other  genera.  The 
tubes,  or  pores,  are  separate  or  distinct,  but  are  thickly  crowded 
on  the  under  side  of  the  cap,  having  the  appearance  of  being 
united. 

F.  hepatica,  the  beefsteak  mushroom,  is  considered  edible ; 
but  its  strong,  acid  taste  makes  it  objectionable  to  many.  Dur- 
ing the  past  season  the  plants  were  found  abundantly  on  chest- 
nut stumps  in  the  vicinity  of  Mansfield.  They  are  dark  red  in 
color,  and  when  young  are  very  soft  and  juicy.  From  a  short 
lateral  stem  the  fruiting-body  expands  into  a  broad,  fleshy  cap 
which  becomes  very  moist  and  sticky  in  wet  weather. 

Fistulina  hepatica     Fr.  (resembling  the  liver). 
Mansfield,  Aug.   (257). 


56  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.        [Bull. 

STROBILOMYCES  Berk. 
(TrpoiSiXot:,  a  pine  cone;  fivt^rfc,  a  fungus. 
This  genus  resembles  Boletus,  but  is  easily  distinguished 
by  the  large,  rough  scales  which  cover  the  top  of  the  cap  and 
thickly  clothe  the  stem,  also  by  stronger  adhesion  between  the 
pores  and  the  cap.  The  plants  receive  their  generic  name 
from  a  fancied  resemblance  to  a  pine  cone.  They  are  incon- 
spicuous in  their  habitat,  and  are  frequently  overloo):ed  by  a 
casual  observer,  because  of  the  dark  colored  caps  with  many 
brown  tints  which  closely  resemble  the  colors  of  fallen  leaves. 
5",  strobilaceus  was  frequently  found  during  the  past  season, 
being  by  no  means  rare  in  the  vicinity  of  Mansfield. 

Strobilomyces  strobilaceus     (Scop.)  Berk,  (cone-like). 

Goshen,  Underzvood;  New  Haven,  Clinton;  Mansfield, 
Aug.  (311). 

BOLETINUS  Kalchb. 
A  diminutive  of  Boletus. 
This  genus  strongly  resembles  Boletus,  but  the  pores  do 
not  as  easily  separate  from  the  substance  of  the  cap,  and  they 
are  larger,  more  angular,  and  radiate  from  the  stem.  The 
plants  are  fleshy  throughout.  They  are  found  growing  on  the 
ground  in  open  fields,  in  swamps  and  woods.  Some  species 
occur  quite  abundantly  in  Mansfield.  They  are  especially 
plentiful  during  rainy  weather,  and  their  season  of  growth  is 
long.  B.  porosus  was  frequently  collected  from  under  apple 
trees  growing  on  the  campus  of  the  Connecticut  Agricultural 
College.  Their  appearance  was  attractive,  and  they  have 
been  pronounced  edible,  but  a  strong  disagreeable  odor  re- 
pelled any  desire  to  prepare  them  for  food. 

Boletinus  pictus     Pk.  (painted). 

Mansfield,  Aug.  (307). 
Boletinus  porosus     (Berk.)  Pk.  (porous). 

Mansfield,  Aug.  (213).     Plate  XXVIII. 

BOLETUS   Dill. 
/3wXtV»;cj  a  name  given  edible  fungi. 
Boletus  comprises  the  largest  number  of  fleshy  species  of 
any  of  the  genera  of  Polyporacea;.     The  generic  characters 


No.  3.]  HYMENIALES    OF    CONNECTICUT.  57 

are  quite  distinct,  but  the  varying  specific  characters  are  so 
confusing  that  the  plants  are  exceedingly  difficult  to  classify. 
Dr.  C.  H.  Peck  has  probably  done  more  careful  work  on  this 
genus  than  has  any  other  American  mycologist,  and  his  illus- 
trations and  keys,  published  in  "  Reports  of  the  New  York 
State  Botanist,"  are  valuable.  Anyone  especially  interested  in 
mushrooms  should  have  his  reports,  for  his  long  experience 
with  the  fleshy  and  woody  fungi  has  given  him  a  standing 
foremost  among  mycology  students.  The  writer  considers  it 
fortunate  that  he  was  enabled  to  have  Dr.  Peck  examine  the 
specimens  collected  for  the  Survey  herbarium.  No  doubtful 
species  have  been  reported. 

The  greater  number  of  the  plants  in  the  genus  grow  on  the 
ground,  mostly  in  woods,  and  occur  in  large  numbers,  es- 
pecially during  damp  weather.  The  caps  and  stems  are  fleshy, 
quickly  decaying,  and  are  frequently  attacked  by  larvje.  They 
are  eagerly  devoured  by  cattle,  and  the  writer  spent  an  inter- 
esting hour  feeding  the  different  species  to  a  herd  of  cattle. 
They  eagerly  devoured  them  all,  even  the  intensely  bitter  B. 
felleus,  at  the  same  time  positively  refusing  the  peppery  Lac- 
tarius. 

Many  of  the  species  exhibit  characteristic  changes  in  col- 
oring when  the  flesh  is  wounded,  and  these  characters  are  of 
valuable  assistance  in  their  identification. 

The  genus  is  so  large  that  it  might  easily  furnish  material 
for  a  complete  report,  therefore  only  the  most  striking  char- 
acters are  noted. 

Boletus  affinis     Pk.  (related). 

Mansfield,  July  (260). 
Boletus  albellus     Pk.  (whitish). 

South  Windsor,  Hanmcr. 
Boletus  albus     Pk.   (white). 

Goshen,  Underivood. 
Boletus  Americanus     Pk. 

Goshen,  Underwood;  Mansfield  July,  Aug.  (130,  50). 
Plate  XXIX. 
Boletus  aestivalis     (Paul.)  Fr.  (summer). 

Mansfield,  July  (279). 


58  COXXECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.        [Bull. 

Boletus  auriporus     Pk.  (golden-pored). 

Goshen,  Underzvood;  Mansfield,  July,  x\ug.  (252). 
Boletus  bicolor     Pk.   (two-colored). 

Goshen,    Underwood;    Mansfield,    July,    Aug.    (253). 
Plate  XXX. 
Boletus  brevipes     Pk.  (short-stemmed). 

Goshen,  Underwood. 
Boletus  calopus     Fr.   (beautiful-stemmed). 

Goshen,  Underwood;  Mansfield,  July  (148). 
Boletus  castaneus     Bull,   (chestnut-colored). 

Mansfield,  July  (155). 
Boletus  chrysenteron     Fr.  (having  golden  entrails). 

Goshen,  Underzvood;  Mansfield,  July  (54). 
Boletus  chrysenteron     Fr.  var.  albo-carneus     Pk.  (whitish 
flesh-colored). 

Manchester,  Hannier. 
Boletus  chrysenteron    Fr.  var.  deformans  Pk.  (ill-shaped). 

East  Hartford,  Hannicr. 
Boletus  chromapes     Frost,  (yellow-stemmed). 

Mansfield,  July  (112).  '  Plate  XXXI. 
Boletus  cyanescens     Bull,   (bluish). 

Goshen,  Underzvood;  Mansfield,  July  (295). 
Boletus  edulis     Bull,   (edible). 

Goshen,  Hanmer;  Mansfield,  July  (181). 
Boletus  eximius     Pk.  (select). 

Rockville,  Manchester,  Hannier;  Mansfield,  July,  Aug. 

(177,  138). 
Boletus  felleus     Bull,  (bitter). 

Goshen,    Underzvood;  Mansfield,  Aug.    (300).      Plate 
XXXII. 
Boletus  firmus     Frost,  (firm). 

Mansfield,  July  (173). 
Boletus  flavidus     Fr.    (light  yellowish). 

Mansfield.  July  (117). 
Boletus  Frostii     Russell. 

Goshen,  Underzvood;  Mansfield,  July  (163,  170). 
Boletus  gracilis     Pk.  (slender). 

South  Windsor,  Hanmer;  Alansfield,  July  (212). 


Plai  K  XXXI.      Boletus   i/iroiiiipes.     Vellow-stemnied    Holcliis.     (Reiluced 
one-third.) 
Cap    pale-red,    slightly  tomentose  ;    flesh   white,  unchangeable  ;    tubes 
more  or  less  depressed  around  the  stem,  white  or  whitish,  becoming  brown  ; 
stem  rough-spotted,  chrome-yellow  at  the  base,  both  without  and  within. 


■%  '  -.si* 


Plate  XXXIII.     Boletus  piperattis.     Peppery  Boletus.     (Natural  size.) 

Cap  glabrous,  slightly  viscid  when  moist,  yellowish,  cinnamon,  or  red- 
dish-brown ;  flesh  white  or  yellowish:  taste  acrid,  peppery;  tubes  large, 
angular,  reddish  rust-color;  stem  slender,  tawnv-yeUow,  bright  yellow  at  base. 


No.  3.]  HYMENIALES    OF    CONNECTICUT.  5g 

Boletus  granulatus     L.  (granulated). 

Rainbow,    South   Windsor,   Haiiiiier;   Goshen,    Under- 
wood. 
Boletus  griseus     Frost,  (gray). 

Mansfield,  Aug.  (304). 
Boletus  indecisus     Pk.  (undecided). 

Mansfield,  July  (169). 
Boletus  luridus     Schseff.  (lurid), 

Mansfield,  June  (37,  97). 
Boletus  miniato-olivaceus     Frost,   (reddish-olive). 

Mansfield,  July   (137). 
Boletus  mutabilis     Morgan,   (changeable). 

Mansfield,  June   (73). 
Boletus  ornatipes     Pk.   (ornate-stemmed). 

Goshen,  Underzvood;  Mansfield,  July  (143). 
Boletus  pallidus     Frost,  (pale). 

Manchester,  Haiuncr. 
Boletus  parasiticus     Bull,   (parasitic). 

Hartford,  Haiimcr. 
Boletus  Peckii     Frost,  (after  C.  H.  Peck). 

Manchester,  Hannier;  Mansfield,  Aug.  (299). 
Boletus  piperatus     Bull,    (peppery). 

Manchester,  Hanmcr;   Mansfield,  Aug.    (215).     Plate 
XXXIII. 
Boletus  punctipes     Pk.    (dotted-stemmed). 

South  Glastonbury,  Hanmer. 
Boletus  purpureus     Fr.  (purple). 

Mansfield,  July,  Aug.  (123,  176). 
Boletus  Roxanae     Frost. 

Mansfield,  July  (242). 
Boletus  Russellii     Frost. 

Mansfield,  Aug.  (277). 
Boletus  scaber     Fr.  (rough). 

Mansfield,  June  (28). 
Boletus  scaber     Fr.  var.  alutaceus  (oliita,  a  soft  leather). 

Mansfield,  Aug.  (317). 
Boletus   scaber     Fr.   var.   areolatus    (areola,   a   little   area, 
referring  to  the  cuticle  cracking  into  small  squares). 

Manchester,  Hanmer. 


60  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.        [BuU. 

Boletus  scaber     Fr.  var.  mutabilis   (changeable). 

Mansfield,  July,  Aug.  (132,  263). 
Boletus  scaber     Fr.  var.  niveus  (snowy). 

South  Windsor,  Hanmcr. 
Boletus  scaber     Fr.  var.  olivaceus  (olive-colored). 

Mansfield,  Aug.  (373). 
Boletus  scaber     Fr.  var.  testaceus  (brick-colored). 

Mansfield,  June  (2y). 
Boletus  speciosus     Frost,    (handsome). 

Manchester,  Hanmcr. 
Boletus  striaspes    Seer,  (having  a  striate  stem). 

Mansfield,  July  (195). 
Boletus  subaureus     Pk.   (almost  golden). 

South  Windsor,  Manchester,  Hanmcr. 
Boletus    subglabripes      Pk.    (having    the    stem    somewhat 
glabrous). 

Rockville,  Hanmcr;  Mansfield,  Aug.  {z^7)- 
Boletus  subluteus     L.   (yellowish). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmcr. 
Boletus  subtomentosus     L.   (somewhat  downy). 

Goshen,  Undcrivood ;  Mansfield,  June,  July,  Aug.  (70, 

325)- 
Boletus  subvelutipes      Pk.     (having    a  somewhat    velvety 
stem. 

Mansfield,  July  (140). 
Boletus  vermiculosus     Pk.   (wormy). 

Mansfield,  July  (293). 
Boletus  vermiculosus     Pk.   var.   Spraguei. 

Manchester,  Hanmcr. 
Boletus  versipellis     Fr.   (changing  its  skin  or  aspect). 

Mansfield,  July  (306). 

FAVOLUS  Fr. 

Favns,  honeycomb. 

The  plants  of  this  small  genus  are  frequently  found  on  de- 
caying trees.  The  large-mouthed,  radiating  pores  give  the 
under  surface  of  the  cap  a  peculiar  honeycombed  appearance. 
The  substance  of  the  cap  is  tough  and  leathery  in  texture. 


No.  3.]  HYMENIALES   OF    CONNECTICUT.  6I 

Favolus  canadensis     Klotz. 

=  Hexagona  alveolaris     (D.  &  C.)  Murrill. 

Goshen,  Undcrivood;  New  Haven,  Clinton;  Mansfield, 
July  (119). 

CYCLOMYCES  Kunz  &  Fr. 

kvkXoc,  a  circle ;  /.ivktjc,  fungus. 

The  characters  of  this  genus  are  distinct  from  other  Poly- 
poracese.  The  cap  is  fleshy,  leathery,  or  membranaceous,  and 
upon  the  lower  surface  are  the  plate-like  bodies  which  re- 
semble the  gills  of  Agaricaceas,  but  which  are  composed  of 
minute  pores.  These  pore-bodies  are  borne  in  concentric  cir- 
cles, giving  the  lower  surface  a  peculiar  appearance.  C. 
Greenii  is  the  only  species  reported,  and  this  is  not  uncommon 
in  Connecticut. 

Cyclomyces  Greenii     Berk. 
=  Cycloporus  Greenii     (Berk.)  Murrill. 

Goshen,  Underivood;  Mansfield,  July  (270). 

GLCEOPORUS  Mont. 

yXoioQ,  gluten ;  Tropoi',  pore. 

The  plants  of  this  genus  have  a  leathery  or  woody  cap 
and  a  trembling,  gelatinous,  spore-bearing  surface  which  is 
somewhat  elastic.     The  pores  are  round. 

Gloeoporus  conchoides     Mont,  (shell-like). 
East  Hartford,  Hamner. 

TRAMETES  Fr. 

Trama;  the  generic  distinction  depending  on  the  trama. 

The  characteristic  difference  between  Trametes  and  other 
genera  in  this  family  is  the  unequal  deptfi  of  the  tubes,  or 
pores,  which  are  sunken  into  the  flesh  of  the  cap.  It  diflfers 
from  Dcedalea  by  having  the  pores  more  distinct  and  not  ar- 
ranged in  serpentine  lines.  The  plants  grow  on  wood,  and 
are  woody  or  corky  in  texture,  becoming  hard  with  age. 

Trametes   cinnabarina     (Jacq.)    Fr.    (having   the    color   of 
dragon's-blood). 


62  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.        [Bull. 

=  Pycnoporus  cinnabarinus. 

East  Hartford,  Haiiiiicr. 
Trametes  odora     Fr.    (scented). 

East  Hartford.  Hmuiicr. 
Trametes  sepium     Kerk.  (ff//7rw,  to  become  rotten). 

Poquonock,  Hanmcr. 

D.ED  ALE  A  Pers. 
Soi^aXeoc,  curiously  wrought. 
The  plants  belonging  to  this  genus  are  found  growing  on 
wood,  many  being  especially  abundant  upon  decaying  stumps. 
The  peculiar,  convoluted  appearance  of  the  under  surface  of 
the  cap  is  due  to  the  serpentine  formation  of  the  pore  struc- 
ture. These  pores  are  rather  deep,  and  the  lines  somewhat 
distant.  The  pore  substance  is  not  unlike  the  cap  substance, 
both  being  corky  in  texture.  D.  qucrcina  is  perhaps  the  most 
common  species  and  occurs  abundantly  on  decaying  stumps, 
especially  oak.  The  distinct  character  of  the  pores  always 
identifies  it  at  a  glance.  The  substance  of  the  cap  is  very 
closely  united  with  that  of  the  fungus  tissue  within  the  wood, 
and  the  plant  is  removed  from  the  host  with  difficulty.  Some 
few  species  are  attached  to  the  feeding  substance  by  the  back 
of  the  cap  (resupinate),  that  is,  the  back  of  the  cap  lies  flat 
against  the  log,  the  pore  surface  pointing  outward. 

Daedalea  confragosa     Pers.  (rough,  rugged). 

East   Hartford,   Hanmcr;   Goshen,    Undcrzvood;   New 
Haven,  Clinton.     Plate  XXXIV,  at  the  right. 
Mansfield,  Feb.  (361). 
Daedalea  quercina     (L.)  Pers.  (pertaining  to  the  oak). 

Goshen,  Undcrzvood;  New  Haven,  Clinton;  Mansfield, 
Mar.  (363).     Plate  XXXIV,  at  the  left. 
Daedalea  unicolor     (Bull.)  Fr.  (one-colored). 

Goshen,  Undcrzvood;  New  Haven,  Clinton;  Mansfield, 
Mar.  (360). 

MERULIUS  Fr. 
Mcrnla,  a  blackbird ;  probably  from  the  color  of  the  fungus. 
Mcriilius  is  a  small  genus  whose   species  are  somewhat 


Plate  XXXIV.     At  the  left,  DccdaUa  i; Kcrcina.     Oak  Da'dalea. 

At  the  right,  Dirdalca  ionfrai:;osa.     Rough  Da-dalea. 


Pi.AiK  XX.W  .       i  he  upper  speeiiiicii,   J-ointw  a fiplatiatus. 

Flattened  Fomes.     (Reduced  one-half.) 

The  lower  specimens,  Fonies  fomentarius.     Smoky  Fomes. 

Colors  of  older  growth  dark  gray,  tinged  with  brown,  recent 

growth  light  gray  ;  substance  of  cap  woody. 


No.  3.]  PIYMENIALES    OF    CONiNECTICUT.  63 

gelatinous  in  substance.  The  pore  surface  consists  of  serpen- 
tine lines,  but  these  lines  are  much  more  shallow  than  in 
Dccdalea,  appearing  as  small  pits.  The  plants  are  usually  at- 
tached to  the  substratum  by  the  back  of  the  cap  (resupinate). 

Merulius  lachrymans    Fr.  (weeping;  referring  to  the  watery 
drops  on  the  pileus). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmcr;  New  Haven,  Clinton. 
Merulius  tremellcsus     Sch.    (resembling  TrcnicUa). 

New  Haven,  Clinton. 

FOMES   Fr. 
Fonics,  tinder. 

The  plants  of  this  genus  are  separated  from  other  genera 
of  the  Polyporacese  by  the  hard  and  woody  texture  of  the  cap, 
even  in  the  young  plants.  This  cap  is  covered  by  a  hard, 
rigid  cuticle  which  is  not  zoned,  but  the  plants  are  perennial 
growers,  adding  a  new  layer  of  tissue  over  that  of  the  preced- 
ing year,  making  them  distinctly  stratose.  In  other  words, 
the  substance  of  the  cap  is  composed  of  layers  of  mycelium 
and  spore-bearing  tissue.  These  layers  may  be  seen  if  a 
cross  section  be  made.  As  the  new  mycelial  tissue  spreads 
over  the  old,  the  latter  dies,  so  that  only  the  new  growth  is  the 
living  substance  of  the  plant. 

The  species  of  Fames  are  classed  by  the  older  writers  in 
the  genus  Polyporus. 

Femes  annosus  (Fr.)  Cooke,  (aged). 

East  Hartford,  Hannier. 
Femes  applanatus     (Pers.)  Fr.  (piano,  to  level). 

East    Hartford,    Hanmcr;    Mansfield,    April.      Plate 
XXXV;  the  upper  specimen. 
Femes  fomentarius     (L.)   Fr.   (smoky). 
=  Elfvingia  fementaria     (L.)  Murrill. 

Mansfield,    March    (350).     Plate    XXXV;    the   lower 
specimens. 
Femes  igniarius     (L.)    Fr.    (fiery). 
=  Pyrepelyperus  igniarius   (L.)    Murrill. 

Goshen,  Undcn^'ood;  Alaiisfield,  May  (351). 


64  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.        [Bull, 

Fomes  lucidus     (Leys.)  Fr.  (shining). 
=  Ganoderma,  various  species,  Murrill. 

East  Hartford  Hanmer;  Mansfield,  June;  New  Haven, 
Clinton. 
Fomes  roseus     (A.  &  S.)  Fr.  (rose-colored). 

East  Hartford,  Hannlcr;  Goshen,  Underwood. 
Fomes  salicinus     (Pers.)   Fr.   (pertaining  to  the  willow). 
=  Pyropolyporus  conchatus   (Pers.)   Murrill. 
Goshen,  Underzvood. 

POLYSTICTUS  Fr. 
TToXvc,  many  ;  antcToc,  punctate. 

In  this  genus,  the  cap  is  leathery,  membranaceous,  rather 
spongy,  and  with  a  thin  cuticle.  The  tubes  run  to  an  equal 
depth  in  the  substance  of  the  cap ;  this  fact  separates  the  genus 
from  Trametes,  which  it  strongly  resembles.  The  substance 
of  the  cap  is  never  fleshy  or  woody,  and  not  stratose,  thus 
making  it  unlike  Polyporus  or  Fomes. 

The  pileus  is  usually  zoned,  frequently  velvety,  but  ma/ 
be  rough  with  stiff  hairs.  The  stem  may  be  central,  lateral, 
or  absent.  The  plants  are  classed  by  the  older  writers  with 
Polyporus. 

Polystictus  cinnamomeus     Jacq.   (cinnamon-colored). 
=  Coltricia  cinnamomea     (Jacq.)   Murrill. 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer;  Goshen,  Underwood. 
Polystictus    cinnabarinus      (Jacq.)    Fr.    (having    color    of 
dragon's-blood). 

Goshen,  Underzvood;  New  Haven,  Clinton;  Mansfield, 
May  (352). 
Polystictus  conchifer     Schw.    (shell-bearing). 
=  Poronidulus  conchifer     (Schw.)   Murrill, 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer;  New  Haven,  Clinton;  Mans- 
field, May  (356), 
Polystictus  hirsutus     Fr.   (hairy). 

Goshen,  Underzvood;  New  Haven,  Clinton;  Mansfield, 
May  (357), 
Polystictus  perennis     (Linn.)  Fr.  (perennial). 
=  Coltricia  perennis     (Linn.)  Murrill. 
East  Hartford,  Hanmer. 


Platk  XXXVI.     I'olystictiis  in-rsicolor.     X'ariegated  I'olystictu?. 

(Natural  size.) 

Cap  variegated  with  differently  colored  zones,  leathery,  thin,  velvety 

pores  minute,  round. 


Plate  XXXVII.     Polyporus  beiuliiius.     Birch  Polypoius. 

(Reduced  one-half.) 

Cap  fleshy,  then  corky,  hoof-shaped,  zoneless.  smooth  ;  pores  minute. 


No.  3.]  HYMENIALES    OF    CONNECTICUT.  65 

Polystictus  pergamenus     Fr.    (pcrgamcna,  parchment). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer;  Mansfield,  June  (359). 
Polystictus  velutinus     Fr.   (velvety). 

Goshen,  Undcrzvood. 
Polystictus  versicolor     (Linn.)  Fr.  (changeable  in  color). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer;  Goshen,  Undcrzvood ;  Mans- 
field, June  (355)  ;  New  Haven,  Clinton.     Plate  XXXVI. 
Polystictus  zonatus     Fr.  (zoned). 

Mansfield,  Mar.  (358). 

POLYPORUS  Fr. 
voXvQ,  many ;  nopog,  pore. 

These  plants  have  a  more  or  less  fleshy  texture  when 
young,  becoming  harder  with  age.  The  genus  is  distin- 
guished from  Fomcs  by  its  lack  of  stratose  layers  of  tubes 
within  the  cap.  The  pileus  is  not  zoned,  and  it  has  a  thicker 
flesh  than  the  species  of  Polystictus. 

The  members  of  this  genus  are  numerous,  and  are  varied 
in  their  habit  of  growth.  In  some  species  the  stem  is  central, 
but  more  often  it  is  attached  at  one  side  of  the  cap  (lateral), 
and  sometimes  it  is  wanting,  the  plants  becoming  sessile. 

The  species  are  commonly  found  growing  on  wood,  in 
nearly  all  sections  of  the  state,  and  are  decidedly  varied  in 
their  individual  colors,  shapes,  and  general  habits  of  growth. 
P.  bctulina  is  so  abundant  upon  grey  birch  trees  that  it  is  fa- 
miliar to  the  most  inexperienced  collector. 

Polyporus  adustus     (Willd.)  Fr.  (scorched). 
=  Bjerkanderma  adusta     Murrill. 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer;  Mansfield,  May  (353). 
Polyporus  Berkeleyi     Fr. 

=  Grifola  Berkeleyi     (Fr.)  IMurrill. 
East  Hartford,  Hanmer. 
Polyporus  betulinus     Fr.   (pertaining  to  the  birch). 
=  Piptoporus  suberosus     (L.)  Murrill. 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer;  New  Haven,  Clinton;  ]\Ians- 
field.  Mar.  (354).     Plate  XXXVII. 


66  COXNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.        [Bull. 

Polyporus  brumalis     (Pers.)   Fr.   (belonging  to  winter). 
=  Polyporus  Polyporus     (Retz.)  Murrill. 

East  Hartford,  Hanmcr;  Mansfield,  May  (19). 
Polyporus  caesius     (Schrad.)   Fr.   (bluish-gray). 

Goshen,  Undcrzvood. 
Polyporus   chioneus     Fr.    (snow-white). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmcr. 
Polyporus  elegans     (Bull.)    Fr.    (elegant). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmcr;  Goshen,  Underwood;  Mans- 
field, July  (36). 
Polyporus  fragrans     Peck,   (fragrant). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmcr. 
Polyporus  frondosus     Fr.    (leafy). 
=  Grifola  frondosa     (Dicks.)    (S.  F.  Gray)   Murrill. 
Mansfield,  Aug.  (370). 
Polyporus  galactinus     Berk,   (milky-white). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmcr. 
Polyporus  gilvus     Schw.    (pale  yellow). 
=  Hapalopilus  gilvus     (Schw.)   Murrill. 
East  Hartford,  Hanmcr. 
Polyporus  hispidus     (Bull.)   Fr.  (hispid). 
=  Inonotus  hirsutus     (Scop.)  IMurrill. 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer;  New  Haven,  Clinton;  ]\Ians- 
field,  Apr.  (368). 
Polyporus  leucomelas      (Pers.)    Fr.    {Xevkoq,    white ;   fieXac. 
black;  allusion  to  change  of  color). 

New  Haven,  Clinton;  Mansfield,  Aug.  (337). 
Polyporus  rutilans     (Pers.)   Fr.   (reddish). 
=  Hapalopilus  rutilans     (Pers.)    Murrill. 
East  Hartford,  Hanmcr. 
Polyporus  Schweinitzii     Fr. 

=  Romellia  sistotremoides     (A.  &  S.)   Murrill. 
East  Hartford,  Hanmcr;  Goshen,  Underzvood. 
Polyporus  semipileatus     Peck,    (half-capped). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmcr. 
Polyporus  sulphureus      (Bull.)    Fr.    (sulphur-yellow). 
=  Laetiporus  speciosus     (Batarr.)    Murrill. 
Goshen,  Undcrzvood;  Mansfield,  July  (369). 
Polyporus  squamosus     (Huds.)   Fr.   (scaly). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmcr;  Tolland,  July  (368). 


No.  3.]  HYMENIALES    OF    CONNECTICUT.  67 

HYDNACE^  Fr.     Spine-bearing  Fungi. 

The  members  of  this  family  are  easily  recognized  because 
of  the  distinct,  spiny,  spore-bearing  surface  of  the  cap;  yet 
their  varying  generic  and  specific  characters  are  puzzling  to 
the  amateur  collector.  The  plants  vary  widely  in  their  habits 
of  growth ;  some  are  found  growing  in  a  shelving  position 
from  trunks  of  trees,  thus  resembling  certain  Polyporacese ; 
others  grow  on  the  ground,  closely  resembling  Agaricaceae; 
still  others  attach  themselves  very  closely  to  the  bark  of  trees, 
in  the  peculiar  way  described  in  the  family  characteristic  of 
Polyporacese,  as  resupinate.  In  these  resupinate  forms,  only 
the  spiny,  spore-bearing  surface  is  visible;  the  spines  always 
growing  directly  towards  the  ground,  which  distinguishes  the 
group  from  the  Clavariacese  in  which  the  spiny  projections 
are  vertical. 

Most  of  the  species  have  the  typical  mushroom  form ;  that 
is,  they  have  a  more  or  less  expanded  cap,  with  a  central,  well 
defined  stem ;  but  in  some  species  the  stem  is  wanting,  and  the 
caps  are  attached  directly  to  the  substratum  (sessile). 

A  few  species  are  edible,  but  as  a  rule  the  plants  are  tough 
and  leathery  in  consistency. 

There  are  several  distinct  genera  in  this  family,  but  only 
two  are  reported. 

Key  for  the  analysis  of  Connecticut  Genera  of  Hydnacecu. 

Spines  springing  from  folds  or  ridges  which  may  branch 
irregularly ;  cap  thin,  spread  out  over  the  surface  of  the 
wood    (resupinate) Irpex 

Spines  springing  from  an  even  surface,  distinct  at  base ; 
cap  fleshy ;  stem  central,  attached  at  one  side  of  the  cap, 
or  absent ;  plants  often  resupinate Hydnum 

IRPEX  Fr. 

Irpex,  a  harrow. 

The  plants  of  this  genus  are  all  resupinate,  that  is,  they 
spread  themselves  over  logs,  the  teeth  extending  outward  and 
downward.  The  spines  are  less  sharply  pointed  and  awl- 
shaped  than  in  Hydnum,  and  are  more  or  less  connected  at  the 


68  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.        [Bull. 

base  into  ridges,  which  somewhat  resemble  the  convolutions 
of  the  fruiting-surface  of  Dccdalca.  The  substance  of  the 
fruit-body  is  leathery. 

Irpex  cinnamomeus     Fr.  (cinnamon-colored). 

Goshen,  Underwood. 
Irpex  lacteus     Fr.    (milk-white). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmcr;  Goshen,  Underwood. 
Irpex  mollis     B.  &  C.  (soft). 

Mansfield,  May  (347)- 

HYDNUM  Linn. 
vli'ov,  a  kind  of  fungus. 

In  Hydmim,  the  fruiting-surface  consists  of  distinct  spii\es 
which  are  often  somewhat  branched  at  the  tips.  They  vary 
greatly  in  form,  and  the  species  are  difficult  of  determination 
because  of  a  lack  of  technical  American  literature  upon  this 
group.  They  grow  on  the  ground  or  upon  wood,  usually  in 
woodlands.  They  are  especially  frequent  as  fall  approaches, 
and  many  of  the  earth-growing  species  are  overlooked  by  the 
collector  because  of  their  resemblance  in  color  to  fallen  leaves. 
Several  of  the  wood-growing  plants  are  beautifully  tufted  into 
coral  forms,  thus  resembling  Clavariaceae,  but  their  spines  al- 
ways point  downward,  never  upward  as  do  the  Clavarias. 

Many  species  are  listed  as  edible. 
Hydnum  adustum     Schw.   (scorched). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer;  Goshen,   Underwood;  Mans- 
field, July,  Aug.   (165,  324). 
Hydnum  albidum     Pk.  (white). 

Mansfield,  Aug.   (309). 
Hydnum  albo-nigrum     Pk.  (albus,  wiiite  ;  niger,  black;  allu- 
sion to  change  of  color). 

South  Windsor,  Hanmer;  Mansfield,  July  (219). 
Hydnum  aurantiacum     A.  &  S.  (orange-colored). 

Ledyard,  Hanmer;  Mansfield,  Aug.  (338). 
Hydnum  caput-ursi     Fr.  (bear's  head). 

South  Windsor,  Hanmer.     Edible   (Curtis). 
Hydnum  compactum     Pers.  (compact). 

Goshen,  Underwood. 


Plate  XXW'III.     Hydtium  seplentrionale.     Northern  Hydnum. 

(Reduced  one-half. ) 

Caps  white,  tieshy-fibrous,  imbricated  ;  spines  very  crowded,  slender,  equal. 


No.  3.]  HYMENIALES   OF    CONNECTICUT.  69 

Hydnum  coralloides     (coral-like). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer.     Edible   (Curtis). 
Hydnum  ferrugineum     (Scop.)   Fr.   (rust-colored). 

Rockville,  Hanmer.     Edible   (McL). 
Hydnum  graveolens     Del.    (strong-smelling). 

Ledyard,  Hanmer. 
Hydnum  imbricatum     L.   (imbricated). 

North   Glastonbury,   Hanmer;   Mansfield,   Aug.    (45). 
Edible  (Curtis). 
Hydnum  ochraceum     Pers.    (ochre-yellow). 

Poquonock,  Hanmer. 
Hydnum  repandum     L.   (bent  backward). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer;  Mansfield,  July  (239).     Edi- 
ble (Curtis). 
Hydnum  rufescens     Pers.    (reddish). 

Mansfield,  July  (160).     Edible  (Curtis). 
Hydnum  scabrosum     Fr.   (rough). 

Mansfield,  Aug.  (231). 
Hydnum  scrobiculatum     Fr.    {scrohiculns,   a   little   trench ; 
from  the  slightly  pitted  cap). 

Rainbow,  Hanmer. 
Hydnum  septentrionale     Fr.    (northern). 

South     Windsor,     Hanmer;     Mansfield,     Aug.     Plate 

xxxvni. 

Hydnum  squamosum     Schaefif.   (scaly). 

Mansfield,  July  (247). 
Hydnum  umbilicatum     Pk.    (umbilicate). 

Rainbow,  Hanmer. 
Hydnum  vellereum     Pk.   (fleecy). 

Mansfield,  Aug.   (310). 
Hydnum  zonatum     Batsch.   (zoned). 

Mansfield,  June  (100). 

THELEPHORACE^  Pers. 
This  family  contains  plants  similar  in  appearance  to  other 
families  described,  but  they  are  generally  distinguished  by  a 
perfectly  plane  fruiting-surface.  In  some  few  genera,  how- 
ever, this  surface  may  be  radiately  wrinkled,  or  velvetj-  from 
minutely  projecting  cystidia.  The  reproductive  spores  are 
borne  as  in  other'  families. 


70  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.        fBuU. 

Key  for  the  analysis  of  Connecticut  Genera  of  Thelephoracece. 

Spores  colored,  substance  of  plant  leathery,  dry  and 

fibrous,  f ruiting-surface  wrinkled Thelephora 

Spores  colorless i 

1.  Fruiting-surface     minutely     velvety,     with       rigid, 

smooth,  colored,  projecting  cystidia.  . .  .Hymenochcete 
Fruiting-surface   smooth 2 

2.  Plants  funnel-shaped  or  cup-shaped 3 

Plants  not  funnel-shaped  or  cup-shaped 4 

3.  Plants    large,    funnel-shaped,    substance    fleshy    or 

membranaceous    Craterellus 

Plants  small,  cup-shaped,  substance  thin Cyphella 

4.  Surface  of  cap  velvety,  fruiting-surface  not  cracked 

in    drying Stereum 

Plants  smooth  throughout,  waxy,  polished,  entirely 
resupinate,   fruiting-surface   cracked   when   dry.  . 

Corticium 

THELEPHORA  Ehrh. 

Qriki],  a  teat ;  (popiw,  to  bear. 

In  this  genus,  the  substance  of  the  fruit-body  is  dry  and 
fibrous,  somewhat  leathery  in  texture,  and  lacks  a  distinct 
cuticle.  The  fruiting-surface  is  slightly  wrinkled  and  bears 
colored,  minutely  warted  spores.  Many  species  are  soft  and 
elastic  but  never  gelatinous. 

Thelephora  anthocephala     {ardoQ,  flower;  Ke<f>a\ii,  head). 

Goshen,  Underwood. 
Thelephora  intybacea     Pers.    (resembling  chicory). 

Hartford,  Hanmer. 
Thelephora  pallida     Pers.    (pale). 

Waterbury,  Hanmer. 
Thelephora  palmata     (Scop.)  Fr.  (palmate). 

Glastonbury,  Hanmer. 
Thelephora  radiata     Fr.   (radiated). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer. 
Thelephora  terrestris     Ehrh.   (pertaining  to  the  earth). 

East  Hartford,  South  Windsor,  Hanmer. 


PiAiK  XXXIX.     Craierellus  cornucopioides.     Cornucopia  Craterellus.     (Natural  size.) 
Cap  dark  gray  or  brown,  becoming  black  with  age.  funnel-shaped,  mouth  wavy. 
split  or  in  folds  ;  flesh  thin,  brittle  or  tough  ;  fruiting  surface  slightly  uneven. 


No.  3-]  HYMENIALES   OF    CONNECTICUT.  7 1 

HYMENOCH/ETE  Lev. 
u/ij/i',  membrane ;  x"'^*?'  a  bristle. 
In  Hymenochaste,  the  cap  may  be  attached  to  the  sub- 
stratum by  a  central  stem,  at  one  side,  or  upon  its  back  (re- 
supinate).  The  distinguishing  character  of  the  genus  is  the 
velvety  or  bristly  appearance  of  the  fruiting-surface,  due  to 
smooth,  projecting,  thick- walled  cells  (cystidia  or  setae). 

Only  one  species  was  collected  during  the  past  season,  but 
this  was  found  abundantly  upon  decaying  chestnut  stumps. 
Hymenochaste  rubiginosa     (Schr.)   Lev.   (rusty). 
Mansfield,  May  (344). 

CRATERELLUS  Fr. 
Crater,  a  bowl. 

Craterellus  very  closely  resembles  CantharcUns  of  the  Aga- 
ricacese  family,  but  is  distinguished  by  a  smooth  fruiting-sur- 
face, while  in  Cantharelliis  the  fruiting-surface  is  composed 
of  thick  blunt  gills.  The  plants  are  very  common  in  the 
autumn.  They  are  funnel-shaped,  and  of  a  fleshy,  waxy,  or 
membranaceous  consistency. 
Craterellus  cantharellus     (Schw.)  Fr.  (a  small  vase). 

New  Haven,  Clinton. 
Craterellus  conucopioides     (L.)   Pers.   (resembling  a  horn 
of  plenty). 

Mansfield,  Aug.  (245).     Plate  XXXIX. 

CYPHELLA   Fr. 

Kv(p£XXoy,  an  ear-like  depression. 

The  plants  of  this  genus  are  small,  cup-like,  and  resemble 
Pezisa  of  the  Discomycetes.  Some  species  are  similar  to 
Corticium,  but  are  distinguished  by  being  attached  to  the  sub- 
stratum at  a  central  point,  and  not  by  the  whole  sterile  surface. 
Then,  too,  the  fruiting-surface  has  a  tendency  to  turn  down- 
ward away  from  the  light,  while  in  Corticium  it  turns  towards 
the  light. 

Cyphella  muscigena     (Pers.)  Fr.  (growing  on  moss). 
South  Windsor,  Hanmer. 


72  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.        [Bull. 

STEREUM  Pers. 
iTTepeoc,  solid,  hard. 

Stcrcitiii  is  distinguished  by  the  smooth,  plane,  fruiting- 
surface  and  the  velvety  or  hairy  upper  surface  of  the  cap. 

In  some  species  the  plants  have  a  well-defined  central  stem, 
in  others  the  side  of  the  cap  is  attached  to  the  substratum, 
while  in  still  others  the  cap  lies  upon  its  back  (resupinate). 

Stereum  complicatum     Fr.    (complicated). 

Mansfield.  July  (364). 
Stereum  fasciatum     Schw.    (bundled). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmcr. 
Stereum    gausapatum      Fr.     {gausapa,    a    shaggy    woolen 
cloth). 

East  Hartford,  Hanuicr. 
Stereum  hirsutum     (W.)  Fr.  (hairy). 

New  Haven,  Clinton. 
Stereum  sericeum     Sch^v.    (silky). 

Bolton,  Hanmcr;  JMansfield,  Aug.  (365). 

CORTICIUM  Fr. 

Cortex,  bark  or  rind. 

These  plants  are  always  resupinate,  the  caps  lying  upon 
their  backs,  closely  attached  to  the  surface  of  the  bark  of  logs. 
The  edges  are  frequently  free  and  curl  outward.  The  fruit- 
ing-surface  is  perfectly  smooth  and  often  polished.  When 
dry,  the  fruiting-surface  is  often  cracked,  due  to  the  contrac- 
tion of  the  mycelial  tissue  of  the  cap.  The  genus,  in  many 
ways,  resembles  Stereum,  but  the  latter  genus  is  often  shelv- 
ing, the  surface  of  the  cap  velvety,  and  the  fruiting-surface 
uncracked  when  dry. 

Corticium  incarnatum     (Pers.)   Fr.    (flesh-colored). 

Goshen,  Underzvood. 
Corticium  salicinum     Fr.   (pertaining  to  the  willow). 

Goshen,  Underzvood;  New  Haven,  Clinton. 
Corticium  vagum     B.  &  C.  (uncertain)  var.  Solani. 

New  Haven,  Clinton. 


No.  3.]  HYMENIALES    OF    CONNECTICUT.  73 

CLAVARIACE^.     Coral  Fungi. 

This  is  a  family  very  unlike  most  families  of  mushrooms. 
There  is  no  distinct  cap ;  but,  true  to  their  name,  the  plants  re- 
semble coral  formations.  The  substance  of  the  plants  is  simi- 
lar throughout,  and  the  spores  are  borne  over  their  entire 
upper  surface.  They  are  upright  growers,  and  are  frequently 
variously  branched,  but  may  be  simple  and  club-shaped.  They 
have  striking  characters  not  easily  mistaken.  The  majority 
of  the  species  are  edible,  though  some  are  tough  and  leathery. 

The  plants  are  very  common  and  occur  abundantly 
throughout  the  season.  They  grow  mostly  in  soil  or  in  de- 
caying leaves,  but  some  few  species  grow  on  decaying  wood. 
They  are  distinguished  from  the  coral  forms  of  Hydnaceae  by 
their  upright  habit  of  growth,  the  tips  of  the  branches'  point- 
ing away  from  the  earth,  while  in  Hydnaceae  the  spines  point 
downward.  Some  of  the  branched  forms  resemble  certain 
species  of  Thelephoracese,  but  in  Thelephoraceas  the  tips  of  the 
branches  are  more  or  less  flattened  or  blunt  and  bear  no  fruit- 
ing-bodies,  while  in  Clavariaceje  the  tips  of  the  branches  are 
acute  and  fertile. 

The  fruiting  cells  are  not  unlike  those  of  Agaricaceae  and 
other  Hymeniales.  Over  the  entire  surface  of  the  fruit-body, 
the  club-shaped  basidia  may  be  found  by  microscopical  exami- 
nation, and  from  these  cells  sterigmata  arise,  each  bearing  at 
its  tip  the  basidiospore,  or  reproductive  body. 

Saccardo  lists  nine  genera  in  this  family,  but  only  two  are 
reported  from  Connecticut. 

Key  for  the  analysis  of  Connecticut  Genera  of  Clavariacccc. 

Plants  fleshy,  simple  or  branched Clavaria 

Plants  leathery,  branched,  tomentose Lachnocladinni 

CLAVARIA  Vaill. 

Clava,  a  club. 

The  plants  in  this  genus  are  more  or  less  fleshy  in  con- 
sistency. They  may  be  variously  branched,  but  in  many  spe- 
cies they  are  simple  and  club-shaped.  The  branches  are  typi- 
cally round,  and  are  acute  at  the  tips.     The  species  are  diffi- 


74  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.        [Bull. 

cult  to  determine.  The  plants  vary  in  their  colorings ;  some 
are  white,  others  red,  yellow,  or  violet,  and  these  colors,  with 
the  color  of  the  spores,  form  a  basis  for  the  determination  of 
the  species.  The  spores  are  white,  ochre-colored,  or  cinna- 
mon. 

Clavaria  aurea     Schsefif.    (golden). 

Mansfield.  July  (6i). 
Clavaria  cinerea     Bull.    (ashy). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer;  Mansfield,  Aug.  (256). 
Clavaria  flava     Schseflf.  (yellow). 

Mansfield,  June,  Aug.  (30,  250).     Plate  XL. 
Clavaria  fusiformis     Sow.    (spindle-shaped). 

\\'aterford,  Hanmer',  Goshen,  Underivood. 
Clavaria  Schafferi     Sacc. 

Mansfield,  July,  Hanmer. 
Clavaria  pyxidata     Pers.   (box-like). 

South   Glastonbury,  Bolton,  Hanmer;  Mansfield,  July 
(186). 
Clavaria  pulchra     Peck,   (beautiful). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer. 
Clavaria  rugosa     Bull,    (wrinkled). 

Rainbow,  Hanmer. 
Clavaria  vermicularis     (Scop.)    Fr.   (wormy). 

Rainbow,  Hanmer. 

LACHNOCLADIUM   Lev. 

Xax^oQ,  fleece;  K\ado^  branch. 

These  plants  are  distinguished  from  Clavaria  by  the  some- 
what leathery  tissue  of  the  fruit-body.  This  tissue  is  some- 
times brittle  and  cartilaginous.  The  plants  are  more  or  less 
branched,  and  are  found  growing  on  the  ground  or  on  wood. 
They  are  frequently  covered  with  a  close,  soft  pubescence. 

Lachnocladium  Micheneri     B.  &  C. 

East  Plartford,  Hanmer. 
Lachnocladium  odoratum     Atk.   (odorous). 
Mansfield. 
A  new  species,  soon  to  be  described  by  Professor  Atkinson. 


No.  3.]  HYMENIALES    OF    CONNECTICUT.  75 

HYPOCHNACE^. 

The  plants  of  this  family  are  mold-like  or  spider-web- 
like in  substance,  and  lack  the  close,  membranaceous  charac- 
ter of  other  families.  The  tufts  of  basidia  are  placed  closely 
side  by  side  over  the  surface  of  the  mycelial  tissue. 

No  plants  belonging  to  this  family  have  been  reported. 


General  Index. 


Agaricacere,  13. 

Agaricacese,  key  to  genera  of,  16. 
Agaricus,  19,  48,  pi.  xxiv. 
Amanita,  17,  20;  pis.  i,  ii. 
Amanitopsis,  17,  22. 
Anellaria,  20,  52. 
Armillaria,  17,  24 ;  pi.  iv. 
Basidiomycetes,  11. 
Black-spored  agarics,  key  to,  20. 
Bolbitius,  18,  43. 
Boletinus,  54,  56;  pi  xxviii. 
Boletus,  54,  56;  pis.  xxix-xxxiii. 
Brown-spored  agarics,  key  to,  19. 
Cantharellus,  18,  35 ;  pis.  xiv,  xv. 
Clavaria,  TZ\  pl-  ^l- 
Clavariacese,  12,  Ti. 
Clavariaceae,  key  to  the  genera 

of,  n. 
Clitocybe,  18,  36;  pis.  xvii-xix. 
Clitopilus,  19,  47. 
Collybia,  17,  26;  pi.  vi. 
Coprinus,  20,  50;  pi.  xxvi. 
Corticium,  70,  "^2. 
Cortinarius,  18,  40;  pi.  xx. 
Craterellus,  70,  71 ;  pi.  xxxix. 
Crepidotus,  18,  42;  pi.  xxii. 
Cyclomyces,  55,  61. 
Cyphella,  70,  71. 
Daedalea,  55,  62;  pi.  xxxiv. 
Eccilia,  19,  48. 
Entoloma,  19,  46. 
Favolus,  54,  60. 
Fistulina,  54,  55. 
Flammula,  19,  44. 
Fomes,  55,  63 ;  pi.  xxxv. 
Galera,  19,  45. 
Gloeoporus,  55,  61. 
Gomphidius,  20,  51. 
Hydnacese,  67. 
Hydnacere,  key  to  the  genera 

of,  67. 
Hydnum,  67,  68;  pi.  xxxviii. 
Hygrophorus,  18,  34;  pi.  xiii. 
Hymeniales,  11. 
Hymeniales,  key  to  the  families 

of,  12. 
Hymenochsete,  70,  71. 


Hypholoma,  19,  49;  pi.  xxv. 

Hypochnacese,  12,  75. 

Inocybe,  19,  43. 

Irpex,  67. 

Lachnocladium,  "Ji,  74. 

Lactarius,  18,  29;  pis.  viii-x. 

Lentinus,  18,  38. 

Lenzites,  18,  2,1- 

Leptonia,  19,-  46. 

Lepiota,  17,  23 ;  pi.  iii. 

Marasmius,  17,  25. 

Merulius,  55,  62. 

Mycena,  17,  28;  pi.  vii. 

Naucoria,  19,  44. 

Nyctalis,  18,  33. 

Ochre-spored  agarics,  key  to,  18. 

Omphalia,  18,  36;  pi.  xvi. 

Panreolus,  20,  52;  pi.  xxvii. 

Panus,  18,  38. 

Paxillus,  18,  39. 

Pholiota,  18,  41 ;  pi.  xxi. 

Pleurotus.  18,  32;  pi.  xii. 

Platens,  19,  45 ;  pi.  xxiii. 

Polyporace?e,  12,  53. 

Polyporacere,  key  to  the  genera 

of,  54- 
Polyporus,  55,  65 ;  pi.  xxxvii. 
Polystictus,  55,  64;  pi.  xxxvi. 
Psathyrella,  20,  52. 
Psilocybe,  19,  50. 
Rosy-spored  agarics,  key  to,  19. 
Russula,  18,  31 ;  pi.  xi. 
Schizophyllum,  18,  39. 
Stereum,  70,  72. 
Strobilomyces,  54,  56. 
Stropharia,  19,  49. 
Thelephora,  70. 
Thelephorace?e.  12,  69. 
Thelephoracece,  key  to  the  genera 

of,  70. 
Trametes,  55,  61. 
Tricholoma,  17,  26;  pi.  v. 
Trogia,  18,  39. 
Volvaria,  19,  45- 
White-spored  agarics,  key  to 

the,  17. 


Index  to  Species. 


abortivus    (Clitopilus) 47 

abruptus    (Agaricus) 49 

acervata    (Collybia) 27 

admirabilis     (Pluteus) 46 

adusta    (Russula) 32 

adustum    (Hydnum) 68 

adustus    (Polyporus) 65 

aeruginosa    ( Pholiota) 42 

aestivalis    (Boletus) 57 

affinis    (Boletus) 57 

albellus   (Boletus) 57 

albidum    (Hydnum) 68 

albi-flavidum    (Tricholoma) . .  26 

albo-nigrum  (Hydnum) 68 

album    (Tricholoma) 26 

albus   (Boletus) 57 

alnicola    (Flammula) 44 

Americana    (Lepiota) 23 

Americanus    (Boletus)...'....  57 

amethystina    (Clitocybe) 37 

annosus    (Fomes) 63 

anthocephala    (Thelephora) ...  70 

appendiculatum  (Hypholoma)  50 

applanatus    (Crepidotus) 42 

applanatus    (Fomes) 63 

aquifluus    (Lactarius) 29 

armillatus    (Cortinarius) 41 

arvensis    (Agaricus) 49 

asperula    (Lepiota) 24 

asterophora    (Nyctalis) 33 

atramentarius    (Coprinus) . . . .  51 

atro-purpurea    (Russula) 32 

atro-tomentosus    (Paxillus) ...  40 

aurantiacum    (Hydnum) 68 

aurantiacus   (Paxillus) 40 

aurata    (Russula) 32 

aurea    (Clavaria) 74 

auriporus    (Boletus) 58 

Berkeleyi    ( Polyporus) 65 

betulina    (Lenzites) 37 

betulinus    (Polyporus) 65 


bicolor   (Boletus) 

bisporiger  (Amanita)  .  , 
blennius  (Lactarius)  .  . 
bolaris  (Cortinarius).. 
bombycina    (Volvaria)  , 


brevipes    (Boletus) 58 

brevipes    (Cantharellus) 35 

brevipes    (Russula) 32 

brumalis    ( Polyporus) 66 

butyracea  (Collybia) 27 

caesarea    (Amanita) 21 

cnssius     (Polyporus) 66 

calophyllus    (Hygrophorus) ...  34 

calopus    ( Boletus ) 58 

campanella    (Omphalia) 36 

campanulatus    (Panseolus) ... .  53 

campestris    (Agaricus) 49 

camphoratus    (Lactarius) 29 

canadensis    (Favolus) 61 

Candida    (Amanita) 21 

cantharellus    (Craterellus) . ...  71 

caperata  (Pholiota) 42 

caprinus    (Hygrophorus) 34 

caput-ursi    (Hydnum) 68 

carneo-grisea    (Eccilia) 48 

castaneus    (Boletus) 58 

ceraceus    (Hygrophorus) 34 

cervinus    (Pluteus) 46 

cervinus    (Pluteus)    var.  al- 

bipes 46 

chelidonium    (Lactarius) 30 

chioneus    ( Polyporus) 66 

chlorophanus  (Hygrophorus).  34 

chromapes    (Boletus) 58 

chrysenteron    (Boletus) 58 

chrysenteron     (Boletus)     var. 

albo-carneus 58 

chrysenteron     (Boletus)     var. 

deformans 58 

chrysopeplus    (Lentinus) 38 

chrvsorrheus    (Lactarius") 30 


78 


CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull. 


cibarius    (Cantharellus) 

cinerea   (Clavaria) 

cinnabarina    (Trametes) 

cinnabarinus  (Cantharellus).. 
cinnabarinus  (Cortinarius) . . . 
cinnabarinus  (Polystictus) . . . 
cinnamomeus   (Cortinarius) 

var.  semi-sanguineus 

cinnamomeus  (Irpex) 

cinnamomeus    (Polystictus)... 

citrina    (Russula) 

clavipes    (Clitocybe) 

clypeolaria    (Lepiota) 

coccineus    (Hygrophorus) 

cohjerens    (Marasmius) 

collinitus    (Cortinarius) 

comatus    (Coprinus) 

compacta   (Russula) 

compactum  (Hydnum) 

complicatum    (Stereum) 

commune   (Schizophyllum)  . . . 

conchifer    (Polystictus) 

conchoides    (Gloeoporus) 

confluens    (Collybia) 

confragosa    (Dsedalea) 

conicus    (Hygrophorus) 

coralloides  (Hydnum)....'... 
cornucopioides    (Craterellus) . 

corrugatus    (Cortinarius) 

corrugis   (Lactarius) 

crispa    (Trogia) 

cristata    (Lepiota) 

crocophyllus    (Crepidotus) 

curvipes    ( Pholiota) 

cyanescens   (Boletus) 

cyanothrix    (Mycena) 

deceptivus  (Lactarius) 

deliciosus    (Lactarius) 

depallens   (Russula) 

dichotomus   (Cantharellus)  . . . 

disseminata   (Ps^thyrella) 

dorsalus    (Crepidotus) 

dryophila   (Collybia) 

edulis    (Boletus) 

elegans    (Polyporus) 

elongatipes  (Marasmius) 

epipterygia    (Mycena) 


35      equestre    (Tricholoma) 26 

74  erubescens    (Hygrophorus)...  34 

61      esculenta    (Collybia) 27 

35      eximius    (Boletus) 58 

41      farinaceus    (Panus) 38 

64      farinosa    (Amanitopsis) 23 

farinosa    (Lepiota) 24 

41      fasciatum   (Stereum) 72 

68      fasciculare    (Hypholoma) 50 

64      felleus    (Boletus) 58 

32      ferrugineum    (Hydnum) 69 

37      firmus    (Boletus) 58 

24  flaccida    (Lenzites) 37 

34      flava    (Clavaria) 74 

25  flavida    (Flammula) 44 

41      flavida    (Russula) 32 

51  flavidus    (Boletus) 58 

32      flavo-conia    (Amanita) 21 

68  floccosus    (Cantharellus) 35 

72      foenisecii    (Psilocybe) 50 

39      fcetens    (Russula) 32 

64      fomentarius    (Fomes) 63 

61  formosa    (Leptonia) 46 

27  fragilis    (Bolbitius) 43 

62  fragrans    (Polyporus) 66 

34  frondosus    (Polyporus) 66 

69  Frostiana    (Amanita) 21 

71      Frostii    (Boletus) 58 

41  fuliginosus    (Lactarius) 30 

30      fumosus    (Lactarius) 30 

39      furcata    (Russula) 32 

24  fusiformis   (Clavaria) 74 

43      fusus    (Flammula) 44 

42  galactinus    (Polyporus) 66 

58      galericulata    (Mycena) 28 

28  gausapatum   (Stereum) 72 

30      gilvus    ( Polyporus) 66 

30      gracilis    (Boletus) 58 

32      grande   ( Entoloma) 47 

35  granulatus    (Boletus) 59 

52  granulosa    (Lepiota) 24 

43  graveolens    (Hydnum) 69 

27  Grayanum  (Entoloma) 47 

58      Greenii    (Cyclomyces") 61 

66     griscus  (Boletus) 59 

25  griseus    (Lactarius) 30 

28  hsematopa    (Mycena) 28 


No.  3- 


HYMENIALES   OF 


hirsutum    (Stereum) 72 

hirsutus    ( Polystictus) 64 

hispidus  (Polyporus) 66 

hepatica    (Fistulina) 55 

hybrida    (Flammula) 44 

hj'grophoroides    CLactarins)  .  .  30 

hypnorum  (Galera) 45 

igniarkis    (Fomes) 63 

illinita    (Lepiota) 24 

illudens     (Clitocybe) 37 

imbricatum    (Hydnum) 69 

incarnatum    (Corticium) 72 

indecisus   (Boletus) 59 

indigo   (Lactarius) 30 

infundibuliformis  (Cantharel- 

lus) 35 

infundibuliformis   (Clitocybe)  37 

intybacea    (Thelephora) 70 

involutus    (Paxillus) 40 

iodes    (Cortinarius) 41 

laccata    (Clitocybe) 37 

lacerata    (Collybia) 27 

lachrymans    (Merulius) 63 

lacteus   (Irpex) 68 

lanuginosa    (Inocybe) 43 

Laurse    (Hygrophorus) 34 

Lecomtei  (Lentinas) 38 

lepida    (Russula) 32 

lepideus    (Lentinus) 38 

leucomelas  (Polyporus) 66 

lignatilis    (Pleurotus) 33 

lignyotus    (Lactarius) 30 

lilacinus   (Cortinarius) 41 

lucidus    (Fomes) 64 

luridus  (Boletus) 59 

luteolus    (Lactarius) 30 

lutescens    (Cantharellus) 35 

maculata    (Collybia) 27 

magna  (Flammula) 44 

malachius   (Crepidotus) 43 

mellea    (Armillaria) 24 

metulsespora    (Lepiota) 24 

micaceus    (Coprinus) 51 

Micheneri    (Lachnocladium)..  74 

micropus     (Clitopilus) 47 

miniato-olivaceus    (Boletus)..  59 

miniatus    (Hygrophorus) 34 


CONNECTICUT.  fy      jC^ 

miniatus    (Hygrophorus)   var.  ''r^        ' 

lutescens 34        -  J^ 

mollis    (Irpex) 68          ^ 

muscaria    (Amanita) 22 

muscaria  (Amanita)  var.  alba  22 

muscigena    (Cyphella) 71 

mutabilis   (Boletus) 59 

naucinoides    (Lepiota) 24 

nitidus    (Hygrophorus) 34 

noveboracensis  (Clitopilus) 

var.   tomentosipes 47 

noveboracensis    (Clitopilus) 

var.  umbilicatus 47 

ochraceum    (Hydnum) 69 

ochro-purpurea    (Clitocybe)..  Z7 

odora   (Clitocybe) 37 

odora    (Trametes) 62 

odoratum    (Lachnocladium)..  74 

Orcella    (Clitopilus) 47 

oreades    (Marasmius) 25 

ornatipes   (Boletus) 59 

ostreatus   (Pleurotus) 33 

pallida   (Thelephora) 70 

pallidus    (Boletus) 59 

pallidus    (Lactarius) 30 

palmata    (Thelephora) 70 

panuoides    (Paxillus) 40 

parasiticus    (Boletus) 59 

Peckii    (Boletus) 59 

pelianthina    (Mycena) 28 

perennis    (Polystictus) 64 

pergamenus    (Lactarius) 30 

pergamenus    (Polystictus) 65 

perplexum    (Hypholoma) 50 

personatum    (Tricholoma) —  26 

petaloides    (  Pleurotus) ZZ 

phalloides    (Amanita) 22 

pictus    (Boletinus) 56 

piperatus    (Boletus) 59 

piperatus    (Lactarius) 30 

placomyces    (Agaricus) 49 

platyphylla   (Collybia) 27 

plicatilis    (Coprinus) 51 

popinalis    (Clitopilus) 47 

porosus    (Boletinus) 56 

portentosum   (Tricholoma) ...  26 

prdecox    (Pholiota) 42 


8o 


CONNECTICUT    GROL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


Bull. 


pratensis    (Hygrophorus) 35 

procera    (Lepiota) 24 

pulchra   (Clavaria) 74 

punctipes    (Boletus) 59 

puniceus   (Hygrophorus) 35 

purpureus   (Boletus) 59 

pyrogalus    (Lactarius) 30 

pyxidata   (Clavaria) 74 

quercina   (Dredalea) 62 

radiata    (Thelephora) 70 

radicata    (Collybia) 27 

repandum   (Hydnum) 69 

retiphyllus    (Marasmius) 25 

retirugus    (Panreolus) 53 

rhodopolium    (Entoloma) 47 

rhodoxanthus    (Gomphidius) .  52 

Rodmanii     (  Agar  icus ) 49 

roseipes    (Russula) 32 

rosellus    (Cantharellus) 36 

roseus   (Fomes) 64 

rotula   (Marasmius) 25 

Roxanje    (Boletus) 59 

rubescens    (Amanita) 22 

rubiginosa  (Hymenochaete)  . . .  71 

rudis    (Panus) 38 

rufescens   (Hydnum) 69 

rugoceplialum   (Hypholoma)..  50 

rugosa    (Clavaria) 74 

Russellii   (Boletus) 59 

rutilans    ( Polyporus) 66 

rutilans    (Trickoloma) '26 

salicinum    ( Corticium) 72 

salicinus    (Fomes) 64 

salicinus    (Panus) 39 

sanguinea    (Russula) 32 

sapidus    (Pleurotus) 33 

scaber    (Boletus) 59 

scaber  (Boletus)  var.  alutaceus  59 

scaber  (Boletus)  var.  areolatus  59 

scaber  (Boletus)  var.  mutabilis  60 

scaber   (Boletus)  var.  niveus.  60 

scaber  (Boletus)  var.  olivaceus  60 

scaber  (Boletus)  var.  testaceus  60 

scabrosum   ( Hydnum ) 69 

Schafferi    (Clavaria) 74 

Schweinitzii   (Polyporus) 66 

scorodonius    (Marasmius) ....  25 


scrobiculatum    (Hydnum) 69 

sejunctum   (Tricholoma) 26 

semi-globata    (Stropharia) —  49 

semi-hirtipes    (Marasmius)...  25 

semi-orbicularis  (Naucoria)..  44 

semi-pileatus    (Polyporus) —  66 

separata   (Anellaria) 52 

sepiaria    (Lenzites) 37 

sepium    (Trametes) 62 

septentrionale    (Hydnum)....  69 

sericeum   ( Stereum) 72 

serotinus    ( Pleurotus) 33 

solidipes   (Panseolus) 53 

speciosus    (Boletus) 60 

squamosum   (Hydnum) 69 

squamosus   (Polyporus) 66 

squarrosa    (Pholiota) 42 

squarrosoides    ( Pholiota) 42 

stercoraria    (Stropharia) 49 

stipticus   (Panus) 39 

strangulata    (Amanitopsis) ...  23 

stri^epes   (Boletus) 60 

strictius    (Entoloma) 47 

strobilaceus    (Strobilomyces) .  56 

strobiliformis    (Amanita) 22 

subaureus    (Boletus) 60 

subdulcis    (Lactarius) 30 

subglabripes   (Boletus) 60 

sublateritium    (Hypholoma)..  50 

subluteus    (Boletus) 60 

subpurpureus    (Lactarius) 31 

subtomentosus    (Boletus) 60 

subvelutipes    (Boletus) 60 

sulphureus    (Polyporus) 66 

tardus    (Clitopilus) 48 

tenera    (Galera) 45 

terrestris    (Thelephora) 70 

terreum    (Tricholoma) 26 

theiogalus    (Lactarius) 31 

tigrinus    (Lentinus) 38 

torminosus    (Lactarius) 31 

torulosus    (Panus) 39 

transmutans    (Tricholoma) ...  26 

tremellosus    (Merulius) 63 

trivialis    (Lactarius) 31 

trullissata    (Clitocybe) 2,7 

turbinatus    (Cortinarius) 41 


No.  3.] 


HYMENIALES   OF   CONNECTICUT. 


81 


ulmarius    (Pleurotus) 33 

umbilicatum    (Hydnuni) 69 

iimbrosus  (Pluteus) 46 

unicolor    (Dsedalea) 62 

unitinctus    (Clitopilus) 48 

vaginata    (Amanitopsis) 23 

vaginata    (Amanitopsis)    var. 

livida 23 

varicosus   (Marasmius) 25 

variicolor    (Bolbitius) 43 

velatipes    (Amanita) 22 

vellereum   (Hydnum) 69 

vellereus    (Lactarius) 31 

velutinus     (Polystictus) 65 

velutipes    (CoUybia) 28 

vermicularis    (Clavaria) 74 


vermiculosus    (Boletus) 60 

vermiculosus    (Boletus)    var. 

Spraguei 60 

verna    (Amanita) 22 

versicolor   (Polystictus) 65 

versipcllis    (Boletus) 60 

vialis    (Lenzites) 37 

virescens    (Russula) 32 

virgineus    (Hygrophorus) 35 

volemus   (Lactarius) 31 

volvata    (Amanitopsis) 23 

vulgaris    (Mycena) 28 

vulpinus    (Lentinus) 38 

zonata    (CoUybia) 28 

zonatum    (Hydnum) 69 

zonatus     (Polystictus) 65 


Second    Report 

on  the 

Hymeniales   of  Conne6licut 


By 
EDWARD  ALBERT  WHITE,  B.S. 

Professor  of  Floriculture,  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College 


Hartford 

Printed  for  the  State  Geological  and  Natural  History  Survey 

1910 


Preface 

Since  the  publication  of  Bulletin  No.  3,  on  the  Hymeniales  of 
Connecticut,  the  writer  has  continued  investigations  on  fleshy  and 
woody  fungi,  confining  his  aftention  more  especially,  however,  to 
the  edible  species  of  the  Agaricacecc.  The  results  of  the  study 
of  this  group  of  plants  form  the  basis  of  Parts  I  and  II  of 
this  report. 

In  Part  I  may  be  found  keys  to  the  Connecticut  species  of 
Agaricacecc.  These  keys  are  based  upon  the  author's  observa- 
tions and  notes;  but,  in  some  cases  where  specimens  have  not 
been  personally  collected,  original  descriptions  have  been  used. 
Keys  to  the  genera  of  Agaricacece  may  be  found  on  pages  17, 
18,  19,  and  20,  Bulletin  No.  3,  of  the  State  Geological  and 
Natural  History  Survey.  Descriptions  of  the  genera  may  also 
be  found  in  the  same  Bulletin. 

Part  II  considers  in  detail  the  chief  characters  of  some  edible 
species  of  mushrooms. 

Part  III  consists  of  a  list  of  species  of  Hymeniales  not 
reported  in  Bulletin  No.  3.  Some  of  these  species  have  been 
collected  by  the  late  Dr.  L.  F.  Underwood  and  by  Dr.  F.  C. 
Earle  in  Redding  and  vicinity,  and  these  specimens  may  be 
found  in  the  Cryptogamic  Herbarium  of  Columbia  University  at 
Bronx  Park,  N.  Y.  Mr.  C.  C.  Hanmer  of  East  Hartford  has 
continued  collecting,  and  has  kindly  contributed  the  results  of 
his  work  to  this  report.  The  writer  has  collected  in  Mansfield 
and  vicinity.  Fifty-three  species  not  before  reported  from  the 
state  are  here  listed. 

The  specimens  collected  by  the  writer  during  the  last  three 
years,  as  well  as  many  of  those  previously  collected,  were  com- 
pared with  many  type  specimens  in  the  Cryptogamic  Herbarium 
of  Harvard  University.  The  writer  wishes  to  express  his  deep 
appreciation  of  the  assistance  given  him  in  this  work  by  Dr. 
W.  G.  Farlow  and  Dr.  A.  F.  Seymour  of  the  Department  of 
Cr}^ptogamic    Botany   of   Harvard   University.      Several    weeks 


O  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 

were  spent  by  the  writer  in  the  comparison  of  specimens,  and 
in  consulting  the  excellent  reference  books  in  the  University 
Library  and  in  Dr.  Farlow's  private  collection  of  literature  on 
fleshy  fungi. 

The  half-tones  in  this  bulletin  were  made  from  photographs 
taken  by  the  author. 


Contents 

PAGE 

Part      I.    Keys  to   Connecticut   Species  of   Agari- 

CACEAE   9 

Part    II.     Some  Edible  Species  of  Agaricaceae  .        .        29 

Part  III.     List    of    Species   of    Fleshy   and    Woody 

Fungi  Reported  since  July,  1905      .        .        57 


Part  I 

Keys  to  Connecticut  Species  of 
Agaricaceae 


AMANITA  Pers. 

Volva  splitting  regularly  all  around,  leaving  a  free 
border  at  base  of  stem;    cap  naked,  or  with  broad, 

membranous  patches i 

Volva  splitting  regularly  all  around,  closely  embracing 
the  bulbous  stem;    cap  covered  with  scattered,  thick 

warts    6 

Volva  broken  up  into  wart-like  scales;  cap  bearing 
mealy  patches  which  soon  disappear,  or  with  small, 
hard,  pointed  warts;    stem  bulbous  at  first,  but  bulb 

soon   disappearing 12 

Gills    yellow;     cap    red    or    orange,    striate    on    the 

margin   A.  Caesarea 

Gills   white 2 

Each  basidium  producing  two  spores A.  bisporigera 

Each  basidium  producing  four  spores 3 

Cap  viscid 4 

Cap   dry 5 

Volva  closely  wrapping  base  of  stem,  persistent. .  .A.  verna 
Volva  cup-like  around  base  of  stem,  often  remaining 

in  the  soil  when  plant  is  collected A.  phalloides 

Stem  bulbous;  volva  split  in  a  circular  manner,  some- 
what closely  joined  to  the  stem A.  mappa 

Stem  not  bulbous ;  volva  free,  fitting  closely  around 
the   stem ;     upper    margin    thin ;     lower    part    thick, 

giving  stem  a  bulbous  appearance A.  spreta 

Cap  red  or  yellow 7 

Cap  white,  or  slightly  tinged  with  yellow 9 

Cap  4  or  more  inches  broad,  covered  with  rough,  white 
or  yellow  warts;    margin  slightly  striate.  ..  ..-i.  miiscaria 

Cap  small,  i  to  2  inches  broad 8 

Margin  of  cap  striate A.  Frostiana 

Margin  of  cap  not  striate A.  Havoconia 

Stem  tapering  below  the  bulb  into  a  root-like  pro- 
longation           10 


12  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY,  [Bull. 

Stem  ending-  abruptly  below  the  bulb 1 1 

10.  Cap  covered  with  large,  pyramidal,  hard  warts;    gills 

free  from  the  stem A.  strohilifornm 

Cap  covered  with  small,  angular,  floccose  warts ;  gills 
adnexed A.  solitaria 

11.  Volva  not  margined,   tapering  above   into   stem;    cap 

thin     A.  Candida 

Volva  forming  a.  distinct  margin  which  rolls  towards 
the  stem  at  the  edge;  cap  often  tinted  with  yellow, 
fieshy    A.  cothurnata 

12.  Plants  of  a  distinct  red-brown  color A.  rubescens 

Plants  white  or  yellow-brown 13 

13.  Cap  white  ;   bulb  large,  abrupt A.  abrupta 

Cap  not  white 14 

14.  Cap,  volva,  ring,  and  upper  part  of  stem  canary-yellow ; 

stem  only  slightly  bulbous A.  Havo-ruhescens 

Cap  yellow-brown;    bulb  medium,  tapering.  . .  .A.  velatipes 

AMANITOPSIS  Roz. 
Cap  covered  with  thin  scales;  volva  thick,  fleshy  A.  lepidota 
Cap  not  scaly i 

1.  Cap  with  warts;    volva  quickly  splitting  into  thread- 

like  fragments A.  strangulata 

Cap  not  warty 2 

2.  Cap    covered    with    a    mealy    substance;     volva    soon 

disappearing    A.  farinosa 

Cap  smooth ;    volva  persisteiit 3 

3.  Volva  short,  cup-shaped ;    margin  of  cap  only  slightly 

striate    A.  volvata 

Volva  long,  free  from  the  stem  but  enclosing  it  in  a 

sheath-like  manner 4 

•4.     Gills  white;    cap  white  or  mouse-gray A.  vaginata 

Gills  dingy;  cap  leaden-brown A.  vaginata  var.  livida 

LEPIOTA  Fr. 

Surface  of  stem  and  cap  sticky L.  iUinita 

Surface  of  cap  and  stem  dry I 

I.     Surface  of  cap  smooth,  shiny,  white L..naucinoides 

Surface  of  cap  scaly  or  granular 2 


Plate  I.     Amatula  ri(ue:>iciis.     Red  Amanita.     (Reduced  one-third.) 
Cap  dull  red,  covered  with  thin,  floccose,  gray  scales  ;  gills  white  ;  stem  cylindri- 
cal   with  prominent  bulb  ;  volva  quickly  disappearing. 


Plate  II.     Amanitopsis  vaginata.     (Natural  size.) 
Cap  thin,  brown  or  nearly  white,   umbonate  in 
center  ;  margins  deeply  striate  ;  stem  4  to  5  inches 
high,  thicker  at  base  ;  volva  distinct. 


a-,  s 

w  o    ^ 

f5    O     S 


2.  o 

a  cr 


^  ^ 


S  B 


■S'^ 


5   'j3     - 


Plate  V.     Maras»n'i(s  rotnla.     (Natural  size.) 

Cap  J4  inch  in  diameter,  membranaceous,  umbilicate,  plicate,  white  ;  stem 

slender,  bony  in  texture,  white  or  partly  black. 


No.  15.]  HYMENIALES    OF    CONNECTICUT.  I3 

2.  Flesh  changing  to  red  where  bruised ;  cap  covered  with 

red  scales L.   americana 

Flesh  not  changing  to  red 3 

3.  Stem  with  movable  ring L.  procera 

Stem  with  fixed  ring 4 

4.  Surface  of  cap  covered  with  many  small,  erect,  pointed 

scales,  light  brown  or  olive-brown  in  color. .  .L.  asperula 
Surface  of  cap  not  covered  with  small,  erect,  pointed 
scales     5 

5.  Surface  of  cap  granular;   plants  red-yellow. .  .L.  granulosa 
Surface  of  cap  not  granular 6 

6.  Surface  of  cap  covered   with   a  dense  white   veil   of 

mealy  down L.  farinosa 

Surface  of  cap  with  distinct,  persistent  scales 7 

7.  Stem  covered  with  soft,  floccose  scales 8 

Stem  smooth ;    surface  of  cap  cracking  into  numerous 

reddish  scales  in  a  crested  manner L.  cristata 

8.  Spores  elliptical L.  clypeolaria 

Spores   spindle-shaped L.  metulaespora 

MARASMIUS  Fr. 
Stems  cohering  into  a  somewhat  solid  mass.  .  .M.  cohaerens 
Stems  separate  and  distinct i 

1.  Plants  succulent  and  fleshy M.  oreades 

Plants  becoming  dry  and  leathery 2 

2.  Flesh    having    odor    and    taste    resembling    that    of 

onions M.  scorodonius 

Flesh  without  distinct  odor  and  taste 3 

3.  Stem  black,  shining;  cap  thin,  depressed  in  center  M.  rotula 
Stem,  not  black 4 

4.  Stem  hairy  below,  smooth  above 5 

Stem  smooth  or  slightly  tomentose 6 

5.  Stem  filled  with  dark,  blood-colored  juice M  varicosus 

Stem  without  colored  juice,  densely  hairy  below 

M.  semihirtipes 

6.  Gills  permanently  connected  by  veins M.  retiphyllus 

Gills  not  connected  by  veins ;    stem  long  and  graceful ; 

cap  with  striate  margins ^L  elongatipes 


14  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.   AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [BuU. 

TRICHOLOMA  Fr. 
Plants  violet-tinted ;  stem  bulbous ;  flesh  white  T.  personatum 
Plants  not  violet-tinted I 

1.  Cap   viscid 2 

Cap  not  viscid 5 

2.  Stem  stout,  3  to  6  inches  long,  i  inch  thick.  .T.  portentosum 
Stem  slender,  i  to  4  inches  long,  ^  inch  thick 3 

3.  Cap  brown  or  red-brown;   gills  becoming  spotted  with 

red  as  plants  mature T.  transmutans 

Cap  with  no  shade  of  red ;  gills  never  spotted  with  red       4 

4.  Cap  yellow  with  black  streaks T.  sejiinctum 

Cap  yellow  or  green-yellow  without  streaks ....  T.  equestre 

5.  Plants    with    a    strong    odor    resembling    soap;     flesh 

red T.  saponaceum 

Plants  without  strong  odor 6 

6.  Cap  covered  with  dark  red  hairs;   flesh  yellow.  .  .T.  rutilans 
Cap  not  red 7 

7.  Taste  bitter ;   plants  pure  white T.  album 

Taste  not  bitter 8 

8.  Plants  gray-brown  or  mouse-colored T.  terreum 

Plants    white,   tinted    with     yellow ;     center    of    cap 

darker T.  alho-flavidiim 

COLLYBIA  Fr. 
Stem  terminating  in  a  long,  tapering,  pointed  root  C.  radicata 
Stem  not  terminating  in  a  single  root i 

1.  Stem  densely  hairy;   plants  growing  on  stumps   C.  velutipes 
Stem  not  densely  hairy 2 

2.  Gills  broad,   distant.  . .  . ; 3 

Gills   narrow 5 

3.  Plants  large  and  coarse ;    cap  3   to  4  inches  broad ; 

stem  3  to  4  inches  long,  ^  inch  thick C.  platyphylla 

Plants  smaller ; 4 

4.  Stem  seldom  over  lyi  inches  long,  ^  inch  thick  C.  esculenta 
Stem  2  to  4  inches  long C.  lacerata 

5.  Stems  united  at  base 6 

Stems  not  united  at  base 7 

6.  Stem  downy  over  its  entire  surface,  long C.  conHuens 

Stem  downy  only  at  base,  short C.  acervata 


Pi.AiE  IX.     Collyb/a  :.o)iata.     (Natural  size.) 

Cap  Yz  inch  to  i>^  inches  wide,  dark  brown,  covered  with  dense  fibrils,  uneven, 

forming  distinct  zones,  membranaceous  ;  stem  even,  i^  to  2_^  inches  long. 


No.  15.]  HYMENIALES    OF   CONNECTICUT. 


15 


7.  Plants  often  growing  on  other  fleshy  fungi ;   stem  with 

distinct  tuber  at  base c.  tuberosa 

Plants  not  growing-  on  other  fungi ;  stem  without  tubers       8 

8.  Stem  grooved,  striate  with  fibers g 

Stem  not  grooved 10 

9.  Stem  even  or  narrowed  towards  the  base;    cap  white, 

sometimes  spotted  with  red C.  macidata 

Stem  narrowed  towards  the  top ;  cap  red-brown,  buttery 
to  the  touch C.  butyracea 

10.  Stem    covered    with    fibrillose    tomentum;     cap    um- 

bilicate   C.  zomta 

Stem  smooth 1 1 

11.  Stem  white C.  strictipes 

Stem  red  or  brown C.  dryophila 

MYCENA  Fr. 

Plants  with  a  colored  juice M.  haematopoda 

Plants  without  colored  juice i 

1.  Stem  clothed   with   blue   hairs   at  base;    all   parts   of 

young  plant  tinged  with  blue M.  cyanothrix 

Stem  not  clothed  with  blue  hairs  at  base 2 

2.  Gills  and  cap  flesh-colored M.  sub-incarnata 

Gills  and  cap  not  flesh-colored 3 

3.  Surface  of  cap  viscid  or  glutinous 4 

Surface  of  cap  not  viscid 5 

4.  Cap   gray   or   green-yellow;    gills   joined   squarely   to 

stem M.  epipterygia 

Cap   brown   or   gray   with   dark  lines;    gills   running 
down  stem M.  milgaris 

5.  Cap  yellow,  deeply  striate M.  lesiana 

Cap  not  deeply  striate 6 

6.  Gills  purplish  with  a  darker  toothed  margin.  .M.  pelianthina 
Gills    gray,    turning    pink    with    age,    connected    by 

veins  M.  gqlericulata 

LACTARIUS  Fr. 
Plants  with  watery  juice;  cap  tan-colored,  clothed  with 

close  tomentum L.   aquiilnus 

Plants   with  variously   colored,   milky   juice,  this  milk 

sometimes  disappearing  with  age i 


l6  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

1.  ■Milk  white  at  first,  usually  acrid  from  the  first 2 

Milk  white  at  first,  mild,  or  changing  from  mild  to  acrid  8 

Milk  highly  colored  from  the  first 21 

2.  Cap  viscid,  margin  incurved 3 

Cap  not  viscid 5 

3.'    Cap    dingy,    green-gray;     surface    often    zoned    with 

darker  blotches L.  blennius 

Cap  with  no  tinge  of  green 4 

4.  Gills   yellow   or   pink ;    cap   tinged   with   red,   surface 

often  zoned L.  torminosus 

Gills  white;  cap  yellow  or  pink,  zoneless L.  triv^ialis 

5.  Milk  white,  soon  changing  to  sulphur-yellow  L.  chrysorrheus 
Milk  permanently   white 6 

6.  Stem   solid 7 

Stem  stuflfed  with  fibers;    gills  squarely  joined  to  the 

stem,  very  narrow,  crowded L.  pergamenus 

7.  Gills  broad,  distant ;    margin  of  cap  or  whole  surface 

densely  clothed  with  velvety  tomentum 8 

Gills  narrow,  decurrent ;    surface  of  cap  smooth ;    milk 
very  acrid L.  piperatus 

8.  Whole  surface  of  cap  minutely  velvety-tomentose ;   soft 

to  the  touch,  2  to  5  inches  broad L.  vellerens 

Surface  of  cap  smooth,   margin   inrolled  and   covered 

with  tomentum,  3  to  5  inches  broad L.  deceptivus 

Surface  of  cap  smooth,  margin  inrolled,  extreme  edge 

minutely  silky,  i  to  2  inches  broad L.  involutus 

9.  Flesh  having  a  strong,  pleasant  odor,  especially  when 

dry L.  camphoratns 

Flesh  odorless,  or  with  a  slight  fragrance 10 

10.  Cap   viscid ii 

Cap  not  viscid 15 

11.  Milk  changing  to  sulphur-yfllow L.  theio gains 

Alilk  permanently  white 12 

12.  Gills  white,  soon  changing  to  brick-red  or  salmon 13 

Gills  not  changing  to  red 14 

13.  Cap  cinnamon-colored ;    milk  sweet L.  quietus 

Cap    ashy    or    buff -gray ;     milk    becoming    somewhat 

acrid   L.  fuliginosus 


No.  15.]  HYMENIALES   OF   CONNECTICUT. 


17 


14.  Cap    3    to    6    inches    broad,    flesh-colored    or    clay- 

y         colored  L.  pallidus 

Cap  i^  to  2^  inches  broad,  smoky  brown L.  fumosus 

15.  Cap   downy 16 

Cap  smooth ig 

16.  Cap    gray;     gills    white,    tinged    with    yellow;     milk 

slightly  acrid L.  griseus 

Cap  not  gray 17 

17.  Gills  white,  changing  to  salmon  where  wounded  L.  lignyotus 
Gills  not  changing  to  salmon  where  wounded 18 

18.  Cap  3  to  5  inches  broad,  dark  red-brown L.  cornigis 

Cap  2  to  3  inches  broad,  buff -colored L.  luteolns 

19.  Gills  narrow,  close,  white,  tinged  with  red .      ..     20 

Gills  distant,   white  or  cream-colored ;    stem  ^   to   i 

inch  long,  solid L.  hygrophoroides 

20.  Cap  ^  to  2  inches  broad;  milk  scanty L.  subdiilcis 

Cap  2  to  5  inches  broad ;  milk  copious L.  volemus 

21.  Stem  spotted  in  a  pitted  manner;    milk^ellow,  chang- 

ing to  brick-red • L.  deliciosus 

Stem  not  spotted 22 

22.  Milk  saffron-yellow L.  chelidonium 

Milk  not  yellow 23 

23.  Milk  dark  red;  cap  the  same  color L.  siibpurpureus 

Milk  dark  blue ;  cap  indigo-blue L.  indigo 

RUSSULA  Pers. 

Plants  with  a  strong  fetid  odor i 

Plants  without  fetid  odor 2 

1.  Cap    3    to    5    inches    broad;     gills    exuding    watery 

drops  R-  foetens 

Cap   I   to  3  inches  broad;    gills  not  e.xuding  watery 
drops   ^-  pectimla 

2.  Gills  forked 3 

Gills  not  distinctly  forked 7 

3.  Cap  green  or  yellow-green;    taste  tardily  acrid;    gills 

white   •* 

Cap  red  or  rust-colored 5 

4.  Stem  solid,  firm;   gills  frequently  forked R.  ftircata 

Stem  spongy;  gills  once  or  twice  forked.  .  .R.  acnigincsccns 

2 


l8  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

5.  Cap  somewhat  depressed  or  funnel-shaped,  blood-red; 

gills  crowded,  narrow,  somewhat  decurrent.  .R.  sanguinea 
Cap  convex,  then  plane,  not  blood-red ;    gills  crowded, 
broad,  not  decurrent 6 

6.  Taste  slowly  acrid ;   cap  flesh-colored,  becoming  dingy- 

white  R.  rosacea 

Taste  not  acrid;  cap  pale  red  or  rust-colored.  .  .R.  depaUens 

7.  Margin  of  cap  at  first  bent  inward 8 

Margin  of  cap  not  at  first  bent  inward 10 

8.  Flesh   changing  to  red   when  broken ;    cap  becoming 

black   R.   nigricans 

Flesh  white,  not  changing  color  on  exposure  to  air.  . .  .       9 

9.  Stem  very  short,  white R.  hrevipcs 

Stem  longer,  gray-black R.   adusta 

10.  Cap  without  viscid  cuticle,  absolutely  dry,  margin  not 

grooved     11 

Cap  with  viscid   cuticle,   especially   in   rainy   weather, 
margin  grooved  or  covered  with  wart-like  swellings     16 

11.  Cap  bright  yellow R.  Havida 

Cap  not  yellow 12 

12.  Cap    green    or    pallid    with    no    tinge    of    red ;     gills 

white   , R.  virescens 

Cap  not  green,  tinged  with  red,  pink,  or  purple 13 

13.  Cap  white  or  tinged  with  pink  at  margin R.  albella 

Cap  not  white 14 

14.  Taste  very   acrid;    flesh   white,   somewhat   red   under 

cuticle R.  rubra 

Taste  mild 15 

15.  Cap  blood-red  ;  stem  3  inches  long,  i  inch  thick.  . .  .R.  lepida 
Cap  dingy  purple,  turning  olive-colored ;    gills  yellow 

R.  olivacca 

16.  Gills  white 17 

Gills  yellow 19 

17.  Taste  mild  ;  cap  clear  yellow R.  citrina 

Taste  acrid 18 

18.  Cap  I  to  i>4  inches  broad R.  fragilis 

Cap  3  to  4  inches  broad R.  emctica 

19.  Cap  dark  purple R.  atropurpnrea 

Cap  red  or  yellow 20 


O    r 

o    > 

W  P-  ^ 

1=:  cr  •  ' 

u^ 

3  3- 

tn  S    S- 


pj  ><    o 
2  -i  P- 


No.  15.]  HYMENIALES   OF   CONNECTICUT. 


19 


20.  Edge  of  gills  lemon-yellow 21 

Edge  of  gills  not  lemon-yellow 22 

21.  Cap  lemon-yellow  or  orange R,  aurata 

Cap  bright  blood-red R,  alutacca 

22.  Cap  I  to  2  inches  broad 23 

Cap  3  to  5  inches  broad 24 

2^.     Stem  tapering  upwards,   stuffed  or  sometimes  hollow 

R.  roscipes 

Stem  equal,  solid R.  Mariae 

24.     Stem  short,  i  to  3  inches  long,  thick  and  club-shaped 

R.  Integra 
Stem  elongated,  3  to  5  inches  long,  cylindrical  R.  dccolorans 

PLEUROTUS  Fr. 
Veil  appendiculate  around  margin  of  young  cap ;  cap 

variegated  with  dingy  brown,  spot-like  scales.  .P.  dryiniis 

No  evidence  of  remnants  of  veil  on  margin  of  young  cap  i 

1.  Gills  extending  down  the  stem   (decurrent) 2 

Gills  not  decurrent 5 

2.  Stem  very  short  or  absent 3 

Stem  distinct 4 

3.  Cap  I  to  3  inches  broad,  viscid  when  young,  variously 

tinged  with  dark  yellow-green,  or  red P.  serotinus 

Cap  3  to  5  inches  broad,  not  viscid  when  young,  yellow- 
white,  becoming  darker  with  age P.  ostreatus 

4.  Spores  in  mass  tinged  with  lilac;    stem  i  to  2  inches 

long P-  sapidus 

Spores   in   mass   pure   white;    stem    ^    inch   long  or 
shorter,  channeled P-   petaloides 

5.  Stem  2  to  3  inches  long,  solid P.  uhnarius 

Stem  often  absent;    when  present,  stuffed,  becoming 

hollow  P-  lig'tatilis 

HYGROPHORUS  Fr. 

Cap  distinctly  viscid ^ 

Cap  viscid  only  when  moist 4 

Cap  not  viscid  when  moist 9 

I.     Cap   white,   then   deep   red;    gills   white.   sixUtod    with 

i.g(j H.  ernbcsccns 

Cap  not  tinged  with  red ^ 


20  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

2.  Cap,  gills,  and  flesh,  yellow H.  nitidus 

Cap  white  or  dark  gray 3 

3.  Cap  white,  covered  with  light  yellow  floccose  scales  at 

involute  margin H.  chrysodon 

Cap  dark  gray,  without  scales  on  even  margin  H.  calophyllus 

4.  Cap  red,  or  tinged  with  red 5 

Cap  not  red 8 

5.  Cap  2  to  4  inches  broad,  blood-scarlet;    flesh  of  same 

color H.  puniceiis 

Cap  less  than  2  inches  broad 6 

6.  Cap  distinctly  conical H.  conicus 

Cap  convex,  becoming  plane 7 

7.  Gills  connected  by  veins;    cap  bright  scarlet,  becoming 

pale  with  age H.  coccineus 

Gills  not  connected  by  veins ;   cap  red  or  red-yellow . .  . 

H.  miniatiis 

8.  Gills  distinctly  decurrent H.  ceraceus 

Gills  decurrent  only  by  a  tooth H.  chlorophanus 

9.  Cap  shining  white H.  virgineus 

Cap  not  white 10 

10.     Cap  gray H.  caprimis 

Cap  yellow  or  buff H.  pratensis 

CANTHARELLUS  Adanson. 

Cap  and  stem  tubular 1 

Cap  and  stem  solid .  . . , 3 

1.  Cap  thin,  funnel-shaped;  stem  smooth.  .C.  infmidibuliformis 
Cap  fleshy 2 

2.  Surface  of  cap  densely  covered  with  floccose  scales ;  cap 

yellow,  elongated,  funnel-shaped  or  trumpet-shaped 

C.  iioccosus 
Surface  of  cap  smooth,  tan-colored C.  hrcvipes 

3.  Plants  red 4 

Plants  yellow  or  gray 5 

4.  Surface  and  flesh  of  plants  deep  blood-red.  .C.  cinnabarinus 
Surface  of  cap  pink ;  flesh  white C.  rosellns 

5.  Cap  dark  gray;   flesh  thin;   gills  white C.  dichotomus 

Cap  yellow  or  orange 6 


Plate  XVIII.     Hyo-rop/ioiKS  miniatus.     iNali 

Cap   '/,  to  I  inch  wide,  convex,  then  umbilicate,  crimson,  becoming  pale  ydl-K 

stem  i^  to  2  inches  long,  equal,  crimson  or  yellow  ;  gills  yellow,  thick,  distant. 


No.  15.]  HYMENIALES    OF   CONNECTICUT.  21 

6.  -Gills  narrow,  close;    cap  dull  orange;    margin  curved 

downward   C.  aurantiacus 

Gills    distant 7 

7.  Flesh     fragrant;      cap     smooth,     egg-yellow,     margin 

elevated   C.  cibarius 

Flesh  odorless;  cap  covered  with  brown  scales.  .C  liitescens 

OMPHALIA  Fr. 
^        Plants   bright   golden-yellow,    scattered   on   coniferous 

logs  or  twigs O.  scabriuscula 

Plants   red-yellow i 

I.     Plants  usually  growing  in  dense  clusters  on  coniferous 
stumps,  logs,  or  twigs ;   stem  i  inch  long,  i  line  thick 

O.  campanella 
Plants  solitary  or  in  small  clusters ;   stem  i  to  2  inches 
long,  ^  line  thick O.  campanella,  var.  sparsa 

CLITOCYBE  Fr. 

Cap   funnel-shaped i 

Cap  not  funnel-shaped 2 

1.  Cap  pale  red C.  infundibuliformis 

Cap  pure  white C.  adirondackensis 

2.  Plants  fragrant ;   cap  tinged  with  green C.  odora 

Plants  not  fragrant 3 

3.  Plants  bright,  rich  yellow ;   fleshy C.  illndens 

Plants  not  bright  yellow 4 

4.  Cap  white,  tinged  with  brown  or  gray ;   stem  distinctly 

thickened  near  the  base C.  clavipes 

Cap  violet  or  purple-tinted 5 

5.  Gills  distinctly  decurrent 6 

Gills  attached  squarely  to  the  stem,  or  decurrent  only 

by  a  tooth 7 

6.  Cap   dark   purple;    stem   purple,    streaked    with   white 

fibrils,    equal,   densely    clothed    with    white    hairs    at 

base  C.  amcthystina 

Cap  pale  yellow,  with  tints  of  purple;    stem  swollen 
in  the  middle C.  ochro-pnrpurca 

7.  Stem  bulbous,  thickly  clothed  with  white  tomentinn.  . . 

C.  trullissata 
Stem  not  bulbous,  slender,  smooth C.  laccata 


22  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [BuU. 

LENZITES. 

Plants  growing  on  wood  of  deciduous  trees i 

Plants  growing  on  wood  of  coniferous  trees.  . ,  ,L.  sepiaria 
i;    Cap  obsoletely  zoned;   substance  corky-coriaceous,  rigid 

L.  hetiilina 
Cap  distinctly  zoned;   substance  leathery,  easily  bent.. 

L.  flaccida 
LENTINUS  Fr.* 

Cap  with  central  stem I 

Cap  shelving 4 

1.  Cap  smooth L.   cochleatus 

Cap  not  smooth 2 

2.  Cap  densely  hairy,  leathery L.  Lecomtei 

Cap  variegated  with  darker  squamules  or  scales,  fleshy       3 

3.  Cap  white,  with  black,  hairy  squamules L.  tigrimis 

Cap  red-yellow,  with  darker,  spot-like  scales L.  lepideus 

4.  Caps  closely  overlapping  and  joined  at  the  base,  sur- 

face coarsely  hairy L.  vulpinus 

Caps   less  closely  overlapping,   often   distinct,   surface 
velvety,  sponge-like L.  tirsinus 

PANUS  Fr. 

Cap  shelving ;   stem  very  short  or  absent I 

Cap  not  shelving ;   stem  seldom  in  center 3 

1.  Taste  becoming  hot  and  astringent P.  stiptictis 

Taste  mild 2 

2.  Gills  light  gray;    cap  cinnamon-colored,  covered  with 

gray-white  tomentum P.  farinaceus 

Gills  rust-color ;   cap  gray P.  salicinu^s 

3.  Cap  smooth,  red-brown,  becoming  violet;    stem  i  inch 

long   P.  toriilosus 

Cap  with  tufts  of  hairs  over  surface,  red-yellow;    stem 
very  short  or  absent F.  rudis 

•The  specimens  of  Lentinus  chrysopeplus  reported  in  Bulletin  No.  3  have  since  been 
compared  with  Berkley  and  Curtis's  type  specimens  in  the  Cryptogamic  Herbarium  of 
Harvard  University,  and  are  evidently  very  dififerent.  The  specimens  previously 
reported  were  evidently  Dr.  Peck's  Omphalia  scabriuscula.  In  regard  to  this  species, 
Dr.  Peck  writes  as  follows:  "I  received  from  you  this  morning  the  specimens  of  a  smal^ 
yellow  mushroom.  I  have  compared  them  with  our  specimens  of  Omphalia  scabrius- 
cula,a.nd  I  find  no  essential  difference.  Yours  are  a  little  smaller.  I  think  them  the 
same  species." 


No,  15.]  HYMENIALES   OF   CONNECTICUT.  23 

PAXILLUS  Fr. 

Plants  orange-yellow P,  auranti(Kus 

Plants  not  orange-yellow i 

1.  Margin  of  cap  strongly  inrolled  (involute) P.  involutus 

Margin  of  cap  straight  or  slightly  inrolled 2 

2.  Cap  2  to  4  inches  broad,  rust-color;    gills  adnate.... 

P.  atro-tomcntosus 
Cap   I   to  2  inches  broad,  dingy  yellow ;    gills  decur- 
rent  at  base P.  panuoides 

CORTINARIUS  Fr. 

Plants  small;  cap  i  to  i>^  inches  broad C.  vernalis 

Plants  larger,  seldom  less  than  2  inches  broad i 

1.  Plants  some  shade  of  red  or  yellow 2 

Plants  tinged  with  violet 9 

2.  Cap   viscid 3 

Cap  not  viscid 5 

3.  Cap  coarsely  corrugated C.  corrugatus 

Cap  not  corrugated 4 

4.  Stem    with    a    turbinate    bulb    at    base,    stuffed,    then 

hollow    C.  turbinatus 

Stem  not  bulbous,  solid,  scaly. .  .^ C.  collinitus 

5.  Stem  and  cap  scaly 6 

Stem  and  cap  not  scaly 7 

6.  Cap  fleshy  throughout ;    gills  crowded ;    stem  stuffed, 

then  hollow C.  bolaris 

Cap  thin  at  the  margin;    gills  distant;    stem  solid.... 

C.  armillatus 

7.  Stem  with  a  more  or  less  persistent  ring C.  flavifoltus 

Stem  with  no  ring 8 

8.  Cap    cinnamon-colored ;     stem    yellow ;     gills    at    first 

yellow C.  cinnamomcus 

Cap  scarlet  or  blood-red;    gills  of  a  similar  color.... 

C.  cinrtabarinus 

9.  Cap  viscid,  sometimes  spotted  with  white C.  lodes 

Cap  not  viscid ^O 

10.     Stem  bulbous,  then  elongated  and  equal ;    color  of  cap 

changing  from  violet  to  brick-red C.  ton'us 

Stem  constantly  bulbous ^  ^ 


24  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

II.     Bulb  depressed-emarginate C.  obliquus 

Base  of  stem  club-shaped C.  violaceiis 

PHOLIOTA  Fr. 

Plants  growing  in  soil I 

Plants  growing  on  wood 2 

1.  Cap  I  to  2  inches  broad P.  praecox 

Cap  3  to  5  inches  broad,  even  in  the  center,  wrinkled 

in  pits  at  the  sides P.  caperata 

2.  Cap  less  than  2  inches  broad ;   surface  torn  into  minute 

scales,  dry ;  flesh  thin P.  cnrvipes 

Cap  more  than  2  inches  broad  ;   flesh  thick 3 

3.  Cap   viscid 4 

Cap  not  viscid,  yellow-red,  with  d^ker,  revolute  scales 

P.  squarrosa 

4.  Cap  and  stem  densely  covered  with  thick,  dark  brown 

scales   P.  squarrosoides 

Cap   and    stem   less   densely   covered    with   thin,    red- 
yellow  scales P  adiposa 

INOCYBE  Fr. 

Cap  floccose,  scaly ;   stem  scaly /.  lanuginosa 

Cap  covered  with  silky  fibers ". I 

I.     Stem   smooth;    cap   longitudinally   cracked   when   ex- 
panded     /.  rimosa 

Stem  covered  with  hairy  fibers;    cap  never  cracking.. 

/.  Hoccosa 

FLAMMULA  Fr. 
Plants  large ;   cap  more  than  4  inches  broad,  dr}%  bufT- 

color F.  magna 

Plants   small I 

1 .  Cap   viscid 2 

Cap  not  viscid 3 

2.  Stem  solid,  yellow  ;   cap  yellow F.  polychroa 

Stem  hollow  or  stuffed ;  cap  brick-red F.  fusiis 

3.  Cap  covered  with  silky  threads  near  margin F.  alnicola 

Cap  smooth 4 

4.  Cap  pale  yellow F.  iiavida 

Cap  cinnamon  or  tawny-orange F.  hybrida 


Plate  XXII.     Cortinariusviolaceus.     (Reduced  one-third) 

Cap  2  to  4  inches  wide,  dark  violet  in  color;  stem  2  to  4  inches  \ow^,  «.<iiial  except 

bulbous  base,  violet  colored  ;  tlesh  similar  in  color. 


Plate  XXI\'.      Pluteus  granulans.     (Reduced  one-third  ) 

Cap  2  to  5  inches  wide,  convex,  then  expanded,  dark  brown,  with  surface  broken 

into  numerous  small  patches,  surface  also  somewhat  ridged  or  wrinkled. 


Pi  A  IE  XXVI.      P/uteus  tomentosulus.     (Natural  size.) 

Cap  I  to  i|^  inclies  wide,  campanulate,  becoming  flat  with  age  ;  surface  covered  with 

a  dense  white  tomentum. 


No.  15.]  HYMENIALES    OF   CONNECTICUT.  JC 

GALERA  Fr. 

Plants  growing-  in  moss;   gills  connected  by  veins.  . .  . 

G.  hypnorum 
Plants  not  in  moss ;  gills  unconnected G.  tenera 

PLUTEUS  Fr. 
Surface  of  cap  in  young  plants  covered  with  silky  fibrils       i 
Surface  oi   cap   in   young   plants   smooth   or   slightlv 
wrinkled P.  admirahilis 

1.  Plants  large ;  cap  4  to  6  inches  in  diameter,  fleshy 2 

Plants    small 3 

2.  Cap  covered  with  a  dense,  dark  brown  tomentum  in 

center,  broken  into  granules  near  margin ;  gills  white, 

then  flesh-color P.  granulans 

Cap  fibrillose,  becoming  smooth  at  disk;    gills  white, 

then  flesh-color P.  cen'inus 

Cap  fibrillose,  becoming  wrinkled  at  disk;    gills  dark 

brown,  fringed  or  toothed  on  the  margins.  . .  .P.  umhrosns 

3.  Surface   of   cap   wrinkled   and   darker   at   disk;    stem 

white,  tinged  with  blue  or  green,  fibrillose P.  salicinns 

Surface  of  cap  not  wrinkled 4 

4.  Stem   smooth P.   longistriatus 

Stem  covered  with  silky  fibrils P.  tomeutosidus 

ENTOLOMA  Fr. 

Stem   solid i 

Stem  hollow 2 

1.  Cap  large,  4  to  6  inches  broad  ;  flesh  white E.  grande 

Cap  small,  i  to  2  inches  broad;  flesh  pink E.  Grayanum 

2.  Cap  with  a  distinct,  central  elevation  (umbonate)  E.  strictius 
Cap  not  umbonate E.  rhodopoUum 

CLITOPILUS  Fr. 

Gills  decurrent ^ 

Gills  squarely  joined  to  the  stem,  or  slightly  decurrent       5 

1,  Gills  somewhat  forked  ;  taste  very  bitter.  .€.  novchoraccnsis 
Gills  not  forked ;   taste  mild 2 

2.  Cap  covered  with  a  gray  powder  or  bloom C.  prnnulus 

Cap  not  covered  with  powder 3 


26  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [BuU. 

3.  Cap    somewhat    viscid    when    moist,    often    irregular; 

stem  short C.  orcella 

Cap   not  viscid 4 

4.  Cap  I  to  2  inches  broad ;  g^lls  dark  gray ;   stem  stuffed 

C.  popittalis 
Cap  2  to  4  inches  broad ;    gills  white  or  pale  gray ; 
stem  solid C.  abortizms 

5.  Cap  glabrous 6 

Cap  silky,  umbilicate,  somewhat  zoned C.  micro  pus 

6.  Cap  I  inch  broad;    stem  with  a  close  white  tomentum 

at  base C,  unitinctus 

Cap    I    to   3    inches    broad,    slightly    fibrillose;     often 
growing  in  greenhouses C.  tardus 

AGARICUS  Linn. 

Stem  terminating  in  an  abrupt  bulb A.  abrnptus 

Stem  not  distinctly  bulbous i 

1.  Cap  thin 2 

Cap  fleshy 3 

2.  Cap  yellow-white,  fibrillose-silky A.  comptulus 

Cap  white,  brown  in  center,  covered  with  minute  brown 

scales    A.  placomyces 

3.  Gills  narrow,  rounded  behind A.  Rodmani 

Gills   broad 4 

4.  Gills  at  first  white ;  ring  on  stem  large  and  thick  A.  arvensis 
Gills  at  first  pink;    ring  more  or  less  torn,  often  dis- 
appearing   A.  campestris 

Varieties  of  Agaricus  campestris 

Cap  covered  with  red  scales var.  praticola 

Cap  not  covered  with  red  scales I 

I.     Cap  brown  or  yellow-brown,  covered  with  minute  hairs 

var.  hortensis 
Cap  and  stem  brown,  scaly var.  znllaticus 

STROPHARIA  Fr. 
Cap  hemispherical  at  maturity ;  stem  glabrous  S.  semiglobata 
Cap  at  first  hemispherical,  expanding  at  maturity ;   stem 
downy  below  the  ring 5.  stercoraria 


C13    "^    4> 

1-        -   b. 


No.  15.]  HYMENIALES   OF   CONNECTICUT.  27 

HYPHOLOMA  Fr. 
Surface  of  cap  marked  by  strong  wrinkles  which  radiate 

from  the  center i 

Surface  of  cap  smooth 2 

1.  Cap  brown;    stem  brittle,  sHghtly  mealy  at  the  top.  . . 

H.  hymenocephalum 

Cap  gray,  tinged  with  yellow ;   stem  fleshy,  smooth 

H.  rugocephalum 

2.  Flesh  fragile;    remnant  of  veil  often  left  on  margin 

of  cap 3 

Flesh  tough ;   margin  of  cap  without  remnants  of  veil      4 

3.  Cap  brown,  often  shaded  to  ochre  at  margin ;    gills 

somewhat  forked,  umber-colored H.  suhaquilum 

Cap  gray-brown;    gills  not  forked,  white,  then  brown 

H.  appendiculatum 

4.  Stem  solid ;  flesh  white H.  sublateritium 

Stem  hollow;    flesh  yellow H.  fasciadare 

COPRINUS  Pers. 
Cuticle  of  cap  separating  into  shaggy,  concentric  scales  ; 

stem  with  a  well  developed  ring C.  comatus 

Cuticle  not  breaking  into  shaggy  scales i 

1.  Cap  2  to  4  inches  broad,  smooth,  or  covered  with  a  few 

obscure  scales;  ring  imperfect C.  atramentarius 

Cap  less  than  2  inches  broad ;  ring  absent 2 

2.  Cap  covered  with  minute  glistening  scales C.  micaceus 

Cap  smooth,  very  fragile C.  plicatilis 

PANAEOLUS  Fr. 

Stem  solid ;   cap  white P.  solidipes 

Stem   hollow i 

I.     Surface  of  cap  ridged P.  rctirugis 

Surface  of  cap  smooth P-  campamdatus 


Part  II 
Some  Edible  Species   of  Agaricaceae 


AMANITA  Pers. 

As  noted  in  the  preliminary  report,  this  genus  includes  the 
most  violently  poisonous  species  to  be  found  among  the  fleshy 
fungi.  Therefore  these  species  should  be  most  carefully  avoided 
by  the  amateur  collector.  Never  should  "  button "  forms  be 
collected  for  eating,  and  by  all  means  avoid  white  specimens. 
However,  the  following  species  of  Amanita  are  classed  as  edible. 

Amanita  Caesarea  Scop.  Kingly  Amanita.  This  is  one  of 
the  most  striking  forms  of  the  genus.  It  is  found  abundantly  in 
open  woods  in  Mansfield  during  July,  and  occasional  specimens 
occur,  during  the  autumn  months.  Its  large  size,  brilliant 
coloring,  striate  or  lined  margins,  with  the  absence  of  warts  or 
scales  on  the  svirface  of  the  cap,  serve  as  characteristics  which 
distinguish  it  from  its  poisoitous  relatives.  The  characters  of  the 
species  are  so  distinct  that,  when  once  positively  identified, 
A,  Caesarea  is  not  likely  to  be  confused  with  non-edible  kinds. 
Unless  positively  identified,  it  might  be  possible  to  mistake  this 
edible  Amanita  for  two  of  its  relatives,  A.  Frostiana  and  A. 
muscaria.  The  plants  of  the  edible  species,  when  small,  resemble 
the  former ;  while,  in  color,  the  edible  species  resembles  the  latter ; 
but  the  fioccose  or  compact  scaly  cap  of  A.  muscaria  should 
prevent  confusing  the  two. 

A.  Caesarea  has  a  distinct  white  volva  or  cup  at  the  base  of 
the  stem.  This  is  quite  persistent,  and  is  usually  found  on  mature 
specimens.  The  stem  and  usually  the  gills  are  distinctly  yellow. 
In  the  immature  specimens,  the  gills  are  covered  by  a  delicate 
yellow  veil  which  falls  around  the  stem  as  the  cap  expands.  The 
stem  is  somewhat  floccose  or  downy  below  the  ring.  The  gills 
are  not  attached  to  the  stem,  and  var}-  in  color  from  white  to 
deep  lemon-yellow,  the  yellow  shades  appearing  in  the  typical 
specimens.  The  flesh  is  white,  with  yellow  or  yellow-red  tints 
as  it  approaches  the  outside. 

Amanita  rubescens  Fr.  (Plate  I)  is  not  liable  to  be  con- 
fused   with    any    poisonous    species.      Its    characters    are   quite 


32  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

distinct.  The  volva,  or  cup,  is  very  fragile,  and  usually  dis- 
appears as  the  plants  approach  maturity.  The  color  of  the 
whole  plant  is  a  dull  red-brown,  often  changing  with  age  to  a 
fawn-color,  thus  very  different  from  the  brilliant  red  tints  of 
A.  Cacsarca.  When  bruised  or  broken  the  flesh  is  quickly  dis- 
colored and  changed  to  red.  The  cap  is  quite  large,  ranging 
from  three  to  five  inches  in  diameter,  and  before  maturity  is 
covered  by  dense  white  scales,  the  remains  of  the  universal  veil. 
During  rainy  weather  and  frequently  at  maturity  these  scales 
disappear,  leaving  the  surface  smooth.  The  stem  is  often  four 
or  five  inches  long  and  frequently  an  inch  thick,  somewhat 
enlarged  at  the  base,  and  surrounded  at  the  top  by  the  large 
white  membranous  ring,  the  remains  of  the  partial  veil.  The 
gills  are  white  or  whitish,  quickly  discolored  in  handling,  and 
are  free  from  the  stem.  The  species  occurs  in  large  numbers 
during  the  summer  and  autumn  months. 

Amanita  strobiliformis  Vitt.  This  species  has  never  been 
collected  by  the  writer,  but  is  listed  by  Mr.  C.  C.  Hanmer  in 
his  collection  at  East  Hartford.  The  chief  characters  of  the 
plant  are  a  thick  stem,  enlarged  at  the  base  into  a  long,  solid, 
scaly  bulb  resembling  a  beet ;  the  cap  appearing  small  at  first, 
but  gradually  enlarging  as  maturity  is  reached.  The  flesh  is 
white,  with  a  strong  odor  of  chloride  of  lime.  This  has  been 
pronounced  edible  by  Peck,  Mcllvaine,  and  Curtis. 

AMANITOPSIS  Roz. 

In  the  genus  Amanitopsis  there  are  no  species  reported 
poisonous,  but  there  is  danger  of  mistaking  some  species  of 
Amanita  for  Amanitopsis.  Amanitopsis  has  the  volva  or  cup  at 
the  base  of  the  stem,  but  lacks  the  ring  which  is  always  present 
in  Amanita,  although  in  some  species  of  Amanita  it  is  so  fragile 
that  it  quickly  disappears,  the  plants  at  maturity  therefore 
resembling  Amanitopsis.  The  chief  point  for  caution  lies  in 
determining  whether  or  not  a  ring  has  been  present  on  the  stem 
before  pronouncing  any  specimen  an  Amanitopsis.  But  one 
species  is  found  in  sufficient  quantities  to  make  the  plants  of  much 
value  for  food. 

Amanitopsis  vaginata  (Fr.)  Roz.  (Plate  II)  is  one  of  the 
most  frequent  species,  and  is  abundant  in  open  woods  from  June 


No.  15.]  HYMENIALES    OF   CONNECTICUT. 


33 


until  October.  Occasionally  it  is  found  in  open  fields  and 
pastures.  It  is  easily  identified  when  once  its  characteristics  are 
known.  The  cap  varies  in  color  from  gray  to  brown ;  is  from 
two  to  four  inches  in  diameter ;  smooth  and  shining  in  the  center, 
with  an  occasional  fragment  of  the  universal  veil  remaining  on 
the  surface.  Near  the  margin  the  flesh  becomes  thin,  and  is 
marked  by  deep  furrows  with  prominent  ridges.  The  stem 
varies  in  length  from  three  to  six  inches,  and  is  from  one-half 
to  three-fourths  of  an  inch  thick.  It  tapers  slightly  towards  the 
top,  and  is  hollow,  or  stuffed  with  a  pithy  substance.  The  volva 
at  the  base  of  the  stem  is  very  characteristic;  being  moderately 
firm,  it  persists  until  the  maturity  of  the  cap,  as  a  closely  sheath- 
ing cup,  split  down  one  side.  This  volva  separates  easily  from 
the  stem;  and,  unless  care  is  taken  in  gathering,  the  stem  may 
be  pulled  out,  leaving  the  volva  in  the  soil.  Great  precaution 
must  be  observed  that  no  remnants  of  a  ring  are  present  on  the 
upper  portion  of  the  stem.  The  surface  of  the  stem  is  usually 
covered  by  fine  scales,  but  these  may  be  so  minute  that  the  stem 
has  a  peculiar  mealy  appearance. 

LEPIOTA  Fr. 

In  this  group  are  found  some  of  the  best  edible  species.  They 
are  not  likely  to  be  confused  with  Amanita,  if  precaution  is  taken 
to  ascertain  that  there  are  no  indications  of  a  cup  at  the  base  of 
the  stem.  While  there  are  many  species  in  this  genus,  all  of 
which  are  considered  edible,  but  three  occur  in  sufficient  quan- 
tities to  merit  consideration. 

Lepiota  procera  Scop.  Parasol  Mushroom.  (Plate  III, 
Bull.  3.)  This  is  one  of  the  best-known  of  the  edible  species, 
and  has  characteristics  which  serve  to  easily  distinguish  it.  It  is 
commonly  found  in  pastures  during  the  summer  and  autumn 
months,  and  often  occurs  on  lawns,  in  thin  woods,  especially 
chestnut  sprout-lands,  and  frequently  in  gardens.  It  has  a  bell- 
shaped  cap,  more  or  less  elevated  in  the  center,  of  a  gray-brown 
color.  In  age  the  surface  of  this  cap  becomes  more  or  less  torn 
into  shaggy  scales,  with  the  exception  of  the  central  elevation, 
which  remains  smooth  and  dark  brown  until  maturity.  The 
brittle  stem,  which  may  be  from  five  to  twelve  inches  high,  is 
clothed  with  numerous  small  scales,  terminating  below  with  a 
3 


34  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

distinct  bulb ;  at  its  upper  end  is  a  stout,  narrow  ring,  which 
usually  moves  freely  up  and  down  the  stem. 

This  is  the  most  frequent  Connecticut  species  of  Lepiota,  and 
is  usually  found  growing  singly,  or  sometimes  in  troops. 

Lepiota  americana  Pk.  is  another  species  which  has  striking 
characters.  During  August  it  has  been  abundant,  growing  in 
immense  clusters  on  the  campus  at  the  Connecticut  Agricultural 
College.  It  is  found  around  old  stumps  or  in  soil.  The  caps 
vary  in  width  from  one  to  three  inches,  and  when  immature  are 
covered  with  a  thin  skin  of  red-brown  color.  At  maturity  this 
becomes  torn  into  numerous  scales  except  on  the  more  or  less 
prominent  center,  and  the  whole  plant  assumes  a  dark  red-brown 
color.  This  red  color  is  noticeable  throughout  the  flesh,  and 
grows  darker  as  the  plant  nears  maturity,  or  when  bruised.  This 
is  one  of  the  chief  distinguishing  characteristics.  The  stem  is 
shorter  and  thicker  than  in  L.  procera;  and  the  bulbous  base,  so 
distinct  in  the  latter  species,  is  frequently  represented  in 
L.  americana  only  by  a  gradual  swelling.  Sometimes,  however, 
the  bulbous  base  is  well  defined.  The  ring  on  the  stem  is  less 
permanent  than  in  L.  procera,  the  so-called  "  parasol  mush- 
room," and  frequently  disappears  as  the  plant  reaches  maturity. 
It  is  also  less  distinctly  movable. 

Lepiota  naucinoides  Pk.  (Plate  III).  Some  American  my- 
cologists have  doubted  whether  L.  naucina  Fr.  and  L.  naucinoides 
Pk.  are  specifically  distinct;  but  without  discussing  the  question 
the  writer  will  adhere  to  the  name  given  in  Bulletin  No.  3.  No 
harm  can  possibly  result  to  the  epicure,  since  both  species  are 
edible.  This  fungus  is  frequently  very  abundant  in  old  fields, 
about  trees  which  have  been  heavily  mulched,  and  on  open 
lawns.  The  writer  has  found  it  so  abundant  that  a  half- 
bushel  basket  could  be  easily  gathered  at  one  time.  The  plants 
were  unusually  large,  many  of  the  caps  measuring  eight  to  ten 
inches  in  diameter.  In  some  respects  the  plants  resemble 
Agaricus  campestris,  the  "  pasture  mushroom  " ;  but  the  chalky 
white  appearance  of  the  cap  and  the  absence  of  the  brown  gills 
on  mature  specimens  serve  as  distinguishing  characteristics.  The 
amateur  must  use  much  caution  in  collecting,  not  to  confuse  the 
species  with  white  forms  of  Amanita.  After  the  plant  is  once 
determined,  the  danger  is  very  slight.    The  cap  is  nearly  globular 


No.  15.]  HYMENIALES    OF   CONNECTICUT.  35 

before  expanding,  becoming  more  or  less  flattened  with  age,  and 
is  usually  white  and  smooth.  The  gills  are  at  first  white,  later 
becoming  dingy  with  the  accumulation  of  spores.  The  stem  is 
from  one  to  three  inches  long,  and  has  a  thickened  base  which 
gradually  tapers  upward.  It  is  covered  with  minute  fibers  when 
}'oung,  but  becomes  smooth  at  maturit}-. 

This  plant  is  considered  equal  to  Agaricus  campestris  in  point 
of  edibility,  and  some  predict  that  its  cultivation  will  be  equally 
feasible.  The  writer  has  enjoyed  several  meals,  and  has  found 
the  species  a  delicious  one. 

ARMILLARIA  Fr. 

But  one  known  edible  species  occurs  in  this  genus,  but  this 
has  a  wide  distribution,  and  has  characteristics  which  make  it 
well  known. 

Armillaria  mellea  Vahl.  Honey-colored  Mushroom.  (Plate 
IV,  Bull.  No.  3.)  Grows  about  the  bases  of  trees,  either 
attached  directly  to  the  stump  or  growing  in  soil.  Upon  close 
examination  the  mycelial  strands  at  the  base  of  the  stem  are 
found  to  be  closely  interwoven ;  and  these  become  closely  con- 
nected with  the  root  system  of  the  trees  in  the  vicinity.  The 
plants  usually  occur  in  large  clusters,  the  individual  plants  of 
which  are  closely  joined.  The  plant  varies  much  in  size,  and 
its  chief  characters  are  its  honey  color,  its  oval  to  convex  cap, 
usually  covered  with  sharp,  erect,  brown  scales,  which  may, 
however,  entirely  disappear  in  moist  weather,  and  its  tough, 
elastic  stem,  which  is  uniform  in  thickness  throughout,  and  more 
or  less  covered  with  floccose  scales.  The  ring,  which  is  usually 
quite  thick,  is  joined  to  the  stem  near  its  apex.  This  varies  much 
as  regards  thickness,  often  becoming  very  thin  or  entirely  disap- 
pearing with  age.  This  plant  is  of  considerable  economic  import- 
ance, since  it  frequently  attacks  fruit  trees,  cspeciariy  those  whose 
physiological  vigor  is  already  weakened,  and  serious  results 
follow. 

Armillaria  mellea  is  far  from  being  one  of  the  most  desirable 
species  for  food,  because  of  its  tough,  leathery  consistency; 
however,  when  young,  it  is  fairly  tender. 


36  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.   AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

MARASMIUS  Fr. 

This  genus  contains  few  desirable  edible  species,  because  of 
the  tough  and  leathery  nature  of  the  plants.  One  species,  how- 
ever, is  soft  and  succulent. 

Marasmius  oreades  Fr.  Fairy-ring  Mushroom.  (Plate 
IV.)  Occurs  frequently  in 'lawns.  The  mycelium,  or  vegetative 
part  of  the  fungus,  seems  to  be  perennial  in  the  soil ;  and,  as 
fast  as  the  nutritive  substances  in  the  soil  become  absorbed,  it 
dies.  All  the  while,  however,  new  mycelial  strands  are  sent  into 
fresh  territory,  so  that  after  a  while  the  fruiting  bodies,  or  caps, 
appear  in  well-defined  circles.  Thus  the  name  "  Fairy  Ring  "  is 
given  to  this  and  to  several  other  fungi  having  similar  habits  of 
growth.  The  plant  is  commonly  found  during  the  summer 
months,  and  even  after  heavy  frosts  in  autumn  it  has  been  found 
abundantly  on  the  campus  of  the  Connecticut  Agricultural  Col- 
lege. The  cap  is  usually  convex,  then  expanded,  having  a  more 
or  less  well-defined  elevation  at  the  summit.  It  varies  from  one 
to  two  and  a  half  inches  in  diameter.  The  flesh  is  thick,  but 
inclined  to  be  tough  and  leathery.  This  character,  however, 
usually  disappears  somewhat  with  cooking,  and  the  flavor  is 
delicious.  The  stem  is  from  one  to  one  and  a  half  inches  long, 
and  is  everywhere  clothed  with  a  downy,  hairy  covering. 

TRICHOLOMA  Fr. 

While  this  genus  contains  many  species,  few  are  listed  as 
edible.  Of  the  Connecticut  species  there  are  six  thus  considered, 
and  of  these  T.  personatiim  and  T.  sejiinctum  are  the  most 
desirable.  The  group  is  characterized  by  having  no  distinct  ring 
or  cup,  but  the  immature  plants  are  covered  with  a  cobwebby 
veil,  which  soon  disappears  and  may  leave  a  slight  ring  on  the 
stem.  The  gills  are  perhaps  the  most  characteristic  feature  of 
these  plants,  being  more  or  less  strongly  notched  as  they  join 
the  stem.  Sometimes  this  notch  is  inconspicuous,  and  disappears 
entirely  by  the  splitting  of  the  gills  with  age;  but  as  a  rule  it 
is  quite  prominent. 

Trichcloma  personatum  Fr.  Masked  Tricholoma.  (Plate 
V,  Bull.  No.  3.)  This  is  considered  one  of  the  best  edible 
species.  It  grows  in  open  woods,  under  trees,  on  lawns,  and  in 
open  fields.     The  writer  has  found  this  species  most  frequently 


No.  15.]  HYMENIALES   OF    CONNECTICUT.  T^y 

under  sugar  maple  trees  which  stand  along  the  borders  of  open 
fields.  It  is  distinctly  an  autumnal  species,  seldom  appearing 
before  September.  The  plants  are  most  frequently  found  singly, 
they  sometimes  occur  in  groups,  but  are  rarely  clustered.  They 
are  quite  regular  in  shape,  the  cap  being  somewhat  globular, 
with  an  inrolled  margin  when  young,  becoming  flattened  with  age. 
The  surface  of  the  cap  is  very  smooth,  and  is  never  mucilaginous 
or  viscid,  even  in  moist  weather.  The  whole  plant  is  fleshy,  and 
dingy  white  or  violet-colored  throughout.  The  cap  varies  from 
two  to  five  inches  in  diameter.  The  stem  is  short  and  thick  with 
a  somewhat  bulbous  base.  It  is  solid  when  young,  becoming 
filled  with  a  pithy  substance  when  mature.  The  gills  are  com^ 
pact  and  rounded  or  notched  at  their  junction  with  the  stem. 
This  species  is  in  high  repute  as  an  edible  species.  Peck  says, 
"  My  experience  leads  me  to  place  it  among  first-class  mush- 
rooms." •  While  T.  personatum  resembles  some  few  other  species, 
it  cannot  be  mistaken  for  poisonous  ones,  and  may  be  eaten 
without  fear. 

Tricholoma  sejunctum  Sow.  This  plant  is  abundant  in  the 
chestnut  woodlands  of  the  town  of  Mansfield,  and  is  frequently 
reported  from  other  parts  of  the  state.  Like  T.  personatum,  it  is 
a  fall  species,  being  most  abundant  in  September  and  October. 
Like  other  members  of  this  genus,  the  plants  are  brilliantly 
colored ;  in  this  species  shades  of  yellow  predominate.  The  cap 
is  yellow  or  green-yellow  in  color,  and  more  or  less  streaked  with 
black  threads  over  its  surface.  When  young  the  plants  are  dis- 
tinctly viscid,  and  at  maturity  still  retain  this  character  if  the 
weather  is  moist.  The  cap  is  similar  in  size  to  that  of  T.  per- 
sonatum,  but  often  more  irregular  in  shape.  The  stem  varies 
from  one  to  three  inches  in  length  and  from  one-half  to  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch  in  thickness.  It  is  usually  white,  solid  within, 
and  frequently  it  is  quite  irregular  in  shape.  The  gills  differ 
from  those  of  the  last  species  by  being  broad,  distant,  distinctly 
notched  at  the  stem,  and  easily  separating  from  it.  The  flesh  is 
white  and  very  tender. 

COLLYBIA  Fr. 
The    genus    Collybia    furnishes    a    large    number    of    edible 
species.     They  occur  abundantly  throughout  the  season,  some 


38  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURV^EY.  [Bull. 

species  appearing-  in  early  spring-,  others  in  late  autumn.  As  far 
as  now  known,  the  genus  contains  no  harmful  species.  A  few, 
however,  become  tough  and  leathery  at  maturity,  and  therefore 
have  no  food  value. 

Collybia  platyphylla  Fr.  (Plate  VII.)  Of  the  Connecticut 
species  reported,  this  is  probably  the  most  common  edible  one. 
The  cap  is  white  or  gray-brown  at  maturity,  the  center  often 
darker  than  the  margin.  In  shape  it  is  convex  when  young, 
becoming  expanded,  and  frequently  has  an  uproUed  margin  at 
maturity.  The  stem  is  short  and  thick  in  comparison  with  the 
diameter  of  the  cap.  The  gills  are  broad  and  distant,  often 
becoming  torn  or  broken  with  age.  The  flesh  is  white,  thick,  and 
firm,  but  very  liable  to  become  quickly  water-soaked  in  moist 
w^eather.  It  is  also  very  frequently  infested  with  the  larvae  of 
insects.  It  is  a  large,  coarse  plant,  resembling  Pluteus  ceruimis, 
from  which  it  may  be  distinguished  by-  its  distant  gills.  Also 
belonging,  as  it  does,  to  the  rosy-spored  group,  the  gills  of 
P.  ceninus  soon  assume  a  dull  brown  color  due  to  the  accumula- 
tion of  spores,  while  the  gills  of  Collybia  platyphylla  remain 
white.  It  occurs  on  logs  which  are  nearly  decayed,  and  about 
the  bases  of  decaying  stumps.  The  writer  has  found  the  species 
in  Mansfield  as  early  as  May  15th,  and  commonly  throughout  the 
summer,  until  the  latter  part  of  September. 

Collybia  radicata  Relh.  (Plate  VI,  Bull.  No.  3)  is  an  edible 
species  not  likely  to  be  mistaken,  if  when  collecting  special  notice 
is  taken  of  the  character  of  the  stem.  This  is  long,  and  thickened 
near  the  surface  of  the  soil,  tapering  above  as  it  approaches  the 
cap,  and  also  tapering  below  into  a  long  root-like  strand.  This 
latter  peculiarity  gives  the  plant  its  specific  name.  The  fungus 
is  commonly  found  growing  in  deep  leaf-mold,  and  is  abundant 
throughout  the  season.  The  cap  is  thin,  from  two  to  four  inches 
in  diameter,  convex  to  nearly  plane,  and  is  frequently  elevated  in 
the  center.  It  is  white  or  fawn-colored.  The  flesh  is  white  and 
thin.  The  gills  are  white,  thick,  and  distant,  sometimes  joined 
to  the  stem  by  a  distinct  notch  similar  to  that  noticed  in  the 
description  of  Tricholoma,  but  frequently  the  gills  extend  down 
the  stem  by  a  decurrent  tooth. 

Collybia  velutipes  Curt.  This  plant  is  of  economic  im- 
portance, not  only  because  of  its  food  value,  but  because  of  its 


No.  15.]  HYMENIALES    OF   CONNECTICUT.  39 

habitat.  It  occurs  as  a  frequent  parasite  on  living  trees.  The 
myceUum  gains  entrance  to  the  tree  through  some  wound,  and 
makes  a  rapid  growth  within  the  host  tissue,  absorbing  the  nutri- 
tive substances.  The  fungus  will  grow  on  all  wood  tissues,  tree 
trunks,  decaying  stumps,  and  soil  filled  with  decaying  wood 
tissue.  Large  clusters  were  found  in  Mansfield,  growing  in  soil 
where  a  portable  saw-mill  had  once  been.  The  cap  varies  from 
light  to  dark  brown,  and  in,  size  is  also  variable.  The  plant 
grows  in  dense  clusters,  and  the  caps  are  often  crowded  and  dis- 
torted because  of  this  habit  of  dense  growth.  They  vary  from  one- 
half  inch  to  two  inches  in  diameter.  Their  surface  is  usually  very 
moist  and  viscid.  As  in  C.  radicata,  the  stem  is  the  characteristic 
feature  of  the  species.  It  is  from  one  to  three  or  four  inches  long 
and  about  one-fourth  of  an  inch  thick.  When  the  habitat  of  the 
plant  is  a  stump,  this  stem  is  usually  curved.  Its  most  striking 
character,  however,  is  its  dense  covering  of  brown  velvety  hairs. 
The  plant  is  occasionally  found  throughout  the  season,  but  is 
more  abundant  during  the  fall  months. 

Collybia  esculenta  Wulf.  Described  by  Cooke  as  the  best 
edible  Collybia.  It  has  never  been  collected  by  the  writer.  Mr. 
C.  C.  Hanmer  of  East  Hartford  reports  the  species.  The  plant 
is  described  by  Mcllvaine  as  — "  small  in  size,  cap  one-half  inch 
or  more  broad,  ochraceous-clay,  often  becoming  dusky,  slightly 
fleshy,  convex,  then  plane,  orbicular,  obtuse,  smooth,  even,  or 
when  old  slightly  striate.  Flesh  tough,  white,  savor>'.  Stem  one 
inch  and  more  long,  scarcely  one-twelfth  of  an  inch  thick,  or 
thread-like,  and  wholly  equal,  obsoletely  tubed,  tough,  stiff  and 
straight,  even,  smooth,  slightly  shining,  clay-yellow,  with  a  long 
perpendicular,  commonly  smooth,  tail-like  root.  Gills  adnexed, 
even  decurrent,  with  a  very  thin,  small  tooth,  then  separating, 
very  broad,  limber,  somew^hat  distant,  whitish,  sometimes  clay- 
colored." 

MYCENA  Fr. 

Like  Marasmius,  this  genus  contains  few  edible  species.  The 
small  size  of  most  of  the  species  makes  their  use  for  food 
impracticable. 

Mycena  galericulata  Scop.,  however,  usually  occurs  in  large 
numbers  clustered  on  logs  and  stumps  in  woodlands.  This  is 
considered  a  desirable  edible  species.     The  cap  is  more  or  less 


40  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

conical,  often  bell-shaped,  and  varies  in  color  through  the  grays 
and  browns.  In  size  the  cap  is  seldom  over  an  inch  in  diameter. 
The  gills  are  thin,  with  connecting  veins,  and  are  joined  to  the 
stem  by  a  small  decurrent  tooth.  This  species  is  most  abundant 
during  the  fall. 

LACTARIUS  Fr. 

The  writer  has  enjoyed  more  meals  of  the  species  of  this 
genus  than  of  any  other  in  the  group  of  fleshy  fungi.  In 
August,  1906,  the  author  was  to  speak  on  "  Mushrooms  "  at  the 
Prospect  House,  Mt.  Holyoke,  Mass.  On  his  arrival  it  was 
learned  that  the  papers  in  near-by  cities  had  announced  that 
mushrooms  gathered  under  his  supervision  would  be  served  in 
the  dining  room  of  the  hotel  from  August  9th  to  August  13th. 
The  prospect  of  gathering  mushrooms  in  sufficient  quantities  for 
from  thirty  to  forty-five  guests  was  almost  appalling.  This  genus 
and  Cantharelliis  came  to  the  writer's  aid,  and  furnished 
delicious  edible  fungi  in  sufficient  quantities  to  meet  all  demands. 
As  its  name  signifies,  the  genus  is  characterized  by  an  abundance 
of  milky  juice  in  the  tissue  of  the  plants. 

Lactarius  volemus  Fr.  (Plate  X,  Bull.  No.  3.)  There  is 
seldom  a  week  in  the  summer  months  when  this  species  is  not 
abundant  in  the  woods  in  the  vicinity  of  Mansfield.  It  is  seldom 
found  in  the  deeper,  thicker  woodland,  but  delights  in  open  chest- 
nut sprout-land  which  has  a  southern  exposure.  The  caps  have 
an  orange-brown  color,  quite  characteristic  of  the  species;  and, 
when  once  learned,  the  plant  is  seldom  mistaken.  The  surface 
of  the  cap  is  smooth,  or  slightly  wrinkled  in  the  center.  The  cap 
is  quite  symmetrical  in  shape,  with  a  somewhat  inrolled  margin 
when  young,  becoming  plane  with  age.  Frequently  the  center 
becomes  depressed,  giving  the  cap  a  cup-like  appearance.  The 
flesh  is  white  and  firm,  and  filled  with  an  abundance  of  white 
milk.  This  immediately  darkens  when  exposed  to  the  air,  and 
becomes  thick  and  stringy.  In  the  older  specimens  this  abundance 
of  milk  is  frequently  lacking.  The  gills  are  white,  often  tinted 
with  the  russet  color  of  the  cap,  and  these  are  quickly  discolored 
when  handled.  They  are  usually  squarely  attached  to  the  stem, 
but  sometimes  have  decurrent  lines  running  down  the  stem.  The 
stem  varies  from  one  to  four  inches  in  length  and  from  one-half 


No.  15.]  HYMENIALES   OF   CONNECTICUT.  4 1 

to  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  thickness.  It  is  firm  and  solid  at 
first,  becoming  somewhat  pithy  at  maturity.  It  is  usuallv  of  a 
uniform  thickness,  but  may  taper  somewhat  towards  the  base.  It 
is  colored  like  the  cap,  although  frequently  it  is  a  lighter  shade 
of  brown.  This  is  considered  by  the  writer  the  most  delicious 
species  belonging  to  the  genus. 

Lactarius  corrugis  Pk.  is  not  distinct  in  many  characters 
from  L.  z'olemns.  Somewhat  larger  in  size,  the  cap  is  of  a 
darker  shade  of  brown;  the  surface  is  usually  more  deeply 
corrugated,  and  the  young  specimens  are  covered  with  a  close 
pubescence  which  gives  the  cap  a  velvety  appearance  in  the  sun- 
light. This  plant  has  similar  habitats  to  L.  volemus,  and  the  two 
plants  have  been  found  within  a  few  feet  of  each  other. 

Lactarius  piperatus  (Scop.)  Fr.,  Peppery  Lactarius  (Plate 
IX,  Bull.  No.  3),  is  another  exceedingly  common  species.  It 
grows  in  open  woods  in  similar  places  to  the  other  Lactarii.  Its 
pure  white  color  serves  to  make  it  a  conspicuous  object  in  the 
leaf-mold.  Sometimes  the  cap  does  not  appear  above  the  sur- 
face, especially  if  the  leaf-mold  is  thick,  and  the  presence  of  the 
fungus  is  recognized  only  by  an  elevation  of  the  leaves.  The 
species  is  characterized  by  its  pure  white  color,  its  thick  fleshy 
cap,  which  becomes  more  and  more  funnel-shaped  as  it  expands, 
its  thick  stem,  and  very  close,  narrow  gills.  This  last  feature 
serves  to  separate  the  species  from  Lactarius  dcccptivus,  which 
it  resembles.  L.  deceptivus  has  more  distant,  coarse  gills.  The 
gills  in  L.  piperatus  are  more  or  less  forked  or  divided  into  pairs. 
The  milk  is  exceedingly  acrid  in  young  specimens.  It  is  white 
and  unchangeable  when  exposed  to  the  air.  This  species  is 
frequently  gathered  and  eaten  by  the  students  of  the  Connecticut 
Agricultural  College  for  their  "  steak  and  mushroom  spreads." 
It  loses  its  peppery  character  in  cooking. 

Lactarius  deceptivus  Pk.  (Plate  VIII,  Bull.  Xo.  3)  is  closely 
related  to  L.  piperatus,  from  which  it  may  be  distinguished  by  a 
dense,  wool-like  growth  of  hairs  along  the  inrolled  margin  of 
the  cap,  and  by  its  coarse,  distant  gills.  The  cap  varies  from 
three  to  six  inches  in  diameter,  and  in  some  cases  the  writer  has 
seen  specimens  even  eight  inches  across.  It  grows  in  similar 
localities  with  L.  piperatus.  The  flesh  is  white  and  coarse  in 
texture;  milk  white,  unchangeable,  with   an  acrid  taste.     The 


42  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

plant  is  even  more  abundant  than  L.  piperatus.  It  frequently 
becomes  discolored  with  yellow  stains,  thus  lacking  the  pure 
white  color  of  L.  piperatus. 

Lactarius  deliciosus  (L.)  Fr.  is  considered  the  most  de- 
sirable of  the  edible  species  of  Lactarii,  but  the  writer  has  seldom 
found  it  in  large  quantities.  In  the  vicinity  of  Mansfield  it  is 
usually  found  growing  singly  or  in  small,  scattered  patches.  Its 
botanical  characters  are  very  striking.  The  cap  varies  from  two 
to  four  inches  in  diameter;  before  maturity  it  is  depressed  in  the 
center,  and  usually  becomes  deeply  funnel-shaped  with  age.  The 
color  varies  through  red  and  yellow  shades,  frequently  assuming 
a  gray  tint.  The  surface  of  the  cap  is  smooth,  slightly  viscid, 
and  more  or  less  distinctly  zoned.  The  margin  of  the  cap  is 
usually  inrolled.  The  stem  is  quite  short,  from  one  to  two  inches 
in  length;  and  striking  features  of  the  species  are  spots  or  pits 
of  the  same  color  as  the  cap  which  appear  on  the  outside  of  the 
stem.  The  flesh  of  L.  deliciosus  is  gray-white  when  freshly 
broken,  becoming  quickly  stained  with  green,  due  to  discoloration 
of  the  tissue  caused  by  chemical  changes  in  the  milk.  This  milk 
is  safifron-yellow  when  the  flesh  is  first  broken,  but  immediately 
changes  in  color. 

RUSSULA  Pers. 

Members  of  this  genus  are  viewed  with  suspicion  by  many 
people,  while  by  others  they  are  considered  edible.  One  instance 
has  come  to  the  writer's  attention  where  extreme  nausea  followed 
a  meal  of  plants  supposed  to  be  Russula  alntacea.  It  is  probable 
that  the  species  may  have  been  confused  with  R.  emetica,  which 
often  causes  attacks  of  this  kind.  The  genus  contains  some  of 
the  most  brilliantly  colored  species  to  be  found  in  the  whole 
group  of  fleshy  fungi.  These  colors  vary  much  in  shades  of  red, 
green,  and  yellow. 

Russula  alutacea  Fr.  The  chief  characteristics  of  this  species 
are  its  mild  taste  and  its  yellow  gills.  This  fungus  is  abundant 
in  woodland  during  the  summer  and  early  fall.  The  cap  varies 
from  one  and  one-half  to  three  inches  in  diameter,  and  is  of  a 
bright  or  a  deep  red  color  inclining  to  shades  of  purple.  The 
surface  is  smooth  in  the  center,  but  becomes  ridged  and  uneven 
near  the  margin.  It  is  covered  with  a  somewhat  viscid  outer 
skin.     The  flesh  is  very  white,  and  has  the  peculiar  mealiness 


No.  15.]  HYMENIALES    OF   CONNECTICUT. 


43 


characteristic  of  the  genus.  The  gills  are  thick  and  broad  and 
are  usually  connected  by  veins.  In  color  they  are  frequently 
sulphur-yellow.     They  never  lack  the  yellow  tints. 

Russula  virescens  (Schseff.)  Fr.  (Plate  XVI.)  This  is 
considered  the  best  edible  species  of  the  genus,  and  it  is  quite 
distinct  from  all  the  other  species.  The  cap  sometimes  is  bright 
green,  but  more  frequently  this  bright  color  is  quickly  lost  and 
the  tint  changes  to  a  dingy  gray.  The  cap  is  fleshy  and  nearly 
globular  when  young,  expanding  until  nearly  plane  at  maturity. 
The  surface  is  smooth  at  first,  but  later  becomes  broken  up  into 
wart-like  patches.  The  margin  is  blunt,  even,  and  smooth,  be- 
coming torn  and  split  with  age.  The  flesh  is  white,  and  is  mild 
in  taste.  The  stem  is  short,  smooth,  white,  and  at  first  solid,  but 
soon  becomes  spongy  within.  The  whole  plant  is  especially 
likely  to  be  infested  with  the  larvae  of  insects.  This  whole  genus 
seems  especially  liable  to  these  insect  attacks.  The  flavor  of  the 
uncooked  flesh  of  R.  virescens  is  considered  preferable  to  all 
other  species,  and  its  crisp,  mealy  character  recommends  its  use 
for  salads. 

PLEUROTUS  Fr. 

Most  of  the  members  of  this  genus  are  found  growing  on 
wood.  As  a  rule,  the  reproductive  bodies  of  these  wood-dwelling 
fungi  are  slowly  developed,  and  the  tissue  of  which  they  are 
composed  becomes  somewhat  tough  and  leather}'.  The  genus 
contains  one  species,  however,  which  is  considered  a  great  delicacy 
by  the  epicure. 

Pleurotus  ostreatus  Jacq.  (Plate  XII,  Bull.  No.  3),  if 
gathered  before  the  caps  are  too  old,  is  very  tender  and  succulent. 
This  so-called  "  Oyster  Mushroom  "  receives  its  name,  not  from 
any  flavor  which  resembles  an  oyster,  but  from  its  peculiar  shape. 
The  plant  is  not  uncommon  during  the  late  summer  and  early 
fall  on  a  variety  of  trees  — elms,  hickories,  but  more  especially 
on  dead  and  decaying  maples.  This  species  is  especially  common 
on  street  trees.  The  plants  grow  in  characteristic  masses,  so 
closely  joined  that  many  of  the  caps  become  abnormally  developed 
because  of  this  crowded  manner  of  growth.  The  individual  plant 
is  attached  to  the  tree  trunk  by  a  very  short  stem,  which  is  more 
or  less  hairy  at  the  base.  This  stem  is  attached  at  one  side  of  the 
cap.    The  cap  is  convex  at  maturity,  with  a  smooth,  moist,  white 


44  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

surface.  This  white  color  changes  to  a  yellow  brown.  The  flesh 
is  white  and  firm.  The  gills  are  broad,  running  down  the  stem 
(decurrent),  branching  more  or  less  at  the  base. 

Pleurotus  ulmarius  Bull.,  the  Elm  Pleurotus,  is  also  edible, 
but  it  is  more  tough  and  leathery  than  P.  ostrcatus. 

HYGROPHORUS  Fr. 

This  genus  contains  several  edible  species,  and,  so  far  as 
known,  none  have  harmful  properties.  As  the  generic  name 
signifies,  the  surface  of  the  cap  is  always  moist  when  young. 
The  soft,  somewhat  waxy  texture  of  the  flesh  of  the  cap  and  gills 
gives  these  plants  distinguishing  characteristics.  ]\Iost  of  the 
species  are  small  and  somewhat  fragile. 

Hygrophorus  pratensis  (Pers.)  Fr.,  the  Pasture  Hygro- 
phorus,  is  one  of  the  most  common  species.  Although  usually 
small,  the  flesh  is  thick  and  compact,  furnishing  considerable 
substance.  The  plants  vary  considerably  in  color,  some  being 
nearly  white,  others  changing  to  shades  of  yellow  and  buflf.  When 
young,  the  cap  is  nearly  hemispherical,  but  this  expands  to  a 
convex  form,  varying  considerably  in  shape.  The  gills  are  thick 
and  coarse,  extending  down  the  stem  (decurrent),  their  bases 
being  connected  by  cross  veins.  The  stem  resembles  the  cap  in 
color,  but  is  usually  of  a  lighter  hue.  It  is  thick,  and  as  a  rule 
tapers  downward.  The  species  is  common  throughout  the 
summer  in  old  fields,  pastures,  or  thin  woods. 

Hygrophorus  miniatus  Fr.  (Plate  XVIII.)  Passing 
through  some  wooded  swamp  or  along  some  woodland  stream, 
our  attention  may  be  called  to  a  brilliant  red  fungus  tinged  with 
yellow,  which  is  growing  abundantly  among  the  sphagnum  moss. 
The  writer  has  seen  hundreds  of  plants  growiftg  within 
a  small  area.  These  are  the  Vermilion  Hygrophorus.  The  cap 
is  thin  and  fragile,  distinctly  convex  when  young,  expanding 
somewhat  at  maturity.  The  surface  may  be  smooth,  but  some- 
times it  is  ridged  and  uneven.  The  gills  are  usually  yellow,  but 
frequently  have  the  same  reddish  tints  noticeable  in  the  cap. 
They  are  not  as  coarse  as  in  H.  pratensis,  and  are  usually 
attached  squarely  to  the  stem.  The  stem  is  slender  and  smooth, 
usually  solid,  but  sometimes  it  becomes  hollow  in  older  speci- 
mens.   It  is  colored  like  the  cap. 


No.  15.]  HYMENIALES    OF   CONNECTICUT.  45 

CANTHARELLUS  Adanson. 

This  genus  contains  many  edible  species,  and  is  pcrhai)s  the 
best-known  by  the  amateur  collector.  The  striking  colors  of  the 
plants  and  their  blunt,  branching  gills  make  them  especially  con- 
spicuous. All  writers  agree  that  they  form  a  most  desirable 
article  of  diet.  The  writer  has  observed  that  during  compara- 
tively dry  weather  the  flavor  is  much  better  than  during  a  rainy 
season,  as  there  seems  to  be  a  tendency  in  C.  cibarius  and 
C.  aurantiacHS  to  become  water-soaked  and  tasteless.  Like  many 
other  edible  species,  these  are  also  quite  liable  to  become  infested 
with  larvse,  and  need  careful  examination  before  preparation  for 
the  table.  While  the  number  of  species  is  not  large,  the  plants 
grow  abundantly  in  rich  leaf-mold  in  open  woods. 

Cantharellus  cibarius  Fr.  (Plate  XIV,  Bull.  No.  3.)  This 
is  considered  one  of  the  most  desirable  of  the  edible  species.  The 
cap  is  of  a  delicate  yellow  color,  fleshy,  with  a  thick,  blunt 
margin,  at  first  inrolled,  then  expanding  at  maturity,  and  later 
becoming  somewhat  uprolled,  giving  the  center  of  the  cap  a 
sunken  or  vase-shaped  appearance.  The  cap  varies  in  diameter 
from  two  to  three  inches.  The  stem  is  rather  short,  is  somewhat 
unequal,  and  frequently  occurs  at  one  side  of  the  cap.  The  flesh 
is  white,  firm  and  solid.  The  gills  are  thick,  distant,  and  more 
or  less  branched.  They  extend  down  the  stem,  and  are  colored 
like  the  cap.  The  plants  may  occur  singly  but  are  usually 
abundant  within  a  limited  range.  The  odor  is  suggestive  of 
apricots,  although  in  some  specimens  this  is  not  noticeable. 

Cantharellus  aurantiacus  Fr.  This  is  similar  in  color  to 
C.  cibarius,  but  is  very  different  in  shape.  The  cap  is  fleshy, 
nearly  plane  when  mature,  and  not  depressed  in  the  center  like 
C.  cibarius.  The  margin  is  somewhat  inrolled  even  at  maturity. 
The  cap  frequently  attains  a  diameter  of  four  or  five  inches. 
The  gills  are  narrow,  close,  and  repeatedly  branched,  and  are 
colored  like  the  cap  or  may  be  lighter.  The  stem  has  a  similar 
color,  tapers  downward,  and  is  from  two  to  three  inches  in 
length.  The  flesh  is  finn,  white,  tinted  with  yellow.  The  writer 
has  enjoyed  several  meals  of  this  orange  chanterelle,  and  has 
experienced  no  ill  effects,  although  by  some  writers  it  is  viewed 
with  suspicion. 


46^  CONNECTICUT   GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

CLITOCYBE  Fr. 

From  early  spring  until  late  fall  some  members  of  this  genus 
may  be  found  growing  in  leaf -mold  or  on  fallen  logs  in  the 
forests.  The  plants  vary  much  in  color  and  size.  The  colors 
range  from  pure  white  through  the  various  shades  of  purple 
and  violet,  and  a  few  are  yellow.  Many  species  have  a  depres- 
sion in  the  center  of  the  cap  which  gives  them  a  more  or  less 
funnel-formed  appearance.  The  stem  is  composed  of  rather 
stout  fibers,  so  that  it  is  not  easily  broken  when  the  plants  are 
pulled  from  the  ground ;  and  these  fibers,  extending  into  the  cap, 
closely  connect  the  two,  so  that  the  stem  and  cap  are  not  easily 
separable  as  in  Lepiota. 

Clitocybe  odora  Bull.  (Plate  XVII,  Bull.  No.  3.)  As  the 
specific  name  signifies,  this  species  is  characterized  by  a  strong 
odor  which  is  not  unlike  the  fragrance  of  water-lilies.  It  occurs 
abundantly  throughout  the  season.  The  plants  are  small,  the 
cap  rarely  being  over  two  inches  in  diameter.  It  is  pale  green 
in  color,  with  a  thick,  tough  flesh.  The  gills  are  broad  and  close, 
similar  to  the  cap  in  color.  The  stem  is  slender,  shorter  than  the 
diameter  of  the  cap,  and  dingy  white  in  color. 

Clitocybe  laccata  Scop.  This  is  an  exceedingly  common 
species,  occurring  from  early  spring  until  late  fall.  The  char- 
acteristics of  the  species  are  so  striking  that  it  is  not  likely 
to  be  mistaken  for  any  non-edible  species.  The  plant  is  very 
variable,  however,  in  its  characters,  and  Dr.  Peck  has  described 
several  varieties.  The  cap  is  thin,  convex,  the  margin  often 
becoming  uprolled  and  torn  at  maturity,  giving  the  plant  an 
abnormal  appearance.  The  surface  of  the  cap  is  smooth,  but 
sometimes  it  is  densely  covered  with  fine  fibers.  The  color  of 
the  cap  is  usually  lighter  than  that  of  the  gills,  the  latter  being 
often  deeply  tinged  with  purple  or  lavender.  In  moist  weather 
the  whole  plant  becomes  more  or  less  water-soaked.  The  gills 
frequently  extend  down  the  stem  in  the  immature  plant,  but  as 
the  cap  expands  they  are  torn  away  from  the  stem  and  also 
become  more  or  less  torn  otherwise.  They  frequently  have  a 
distinct  tooth  where  they  join  the  stem,  and  in  this  respect  the 
plant  resembles  Tricholoma.  The  stem  varies  in  height  from  one- 
to  four  inches,  is  slender,  and  yellow-white  in  color. 


No.  15.]  HYMENIALES    OF   CONNECTICUT.  47 

CORTINARIUS  Fr. 

This  genus  is  a  member  of  the  ochre-spored  group,  which 
group  is  easily  distinguished  by  the  red-yellow  color  of  the  gills, 
due  to  the  accumulation  of  great  masses  of  spores.  Therefore 
the  gills  of  Cortinarius  are  tinged  with  red  or  yellow,  and  this 
color  deepens  at  maturity.  In  one  or  two  species  the  gills  are 
deeply  blood-red  in  color.  The  chief  distinguishing  character  of 
Cortinarius  is  a  spider-web  veil  which  surrounds  the  immature 
plant.  As  the  cap  expands,  this  veil  is  ruptured,  learing  a  more 
or  less  well-defined  ring  on  the  stem.  This  veil  disappears  at 
maturity,  and  young  specimens  are  essential  in  the  determination 
of  species.  Many  of  the  plants  are  beautifully  colored, 
Cortinarius  iodes  B.  &  C.  being  of  an  especially  attractive  dark 
violet  color,  curiously  spotted  with  white.  When  immature  the 
plant  is  wQvy  viscid,  giving  it  a  polished  appearance.  The  number 
of  species  is  large,  and  for  the  most  part  the  species  are  moet 
abundant  in  the  autumn.  During  the  last  spring,  however, 
Cortinarius  vcnialis  was  found  abundantly  in  a  grassy  woodland 
road.     Several  of  the  most  common  species  are  considered  edible. 

Cortinarius  violaceus  (L.)  Fr.  (Plate  XXII.)  This 
fungus  grows  abundantly  in  the  woods,  and  in  color  resembles 
Tricholoma  personatum,  but  C.  violaceus  is  usually  a  darker 
shade  of  violet,  and  lias  the  gills  rounded  as  they  join  the  stem. 
The  bulbous  base  of  the  stem  also  suggests  T.  perso)Ujtum.  The 
cap  is  convex  when  young,  becoming  nearly  plane,  is  usually  dry, 
and  covered  with  fine  tufts  of  hairs.  The  gills  are  distant  and 
rather  thick,  and  are  colored  like  the  cap,  but  become  tinged  with 
yellow-red  as  the  spores  accumulate.  The  stem  is  from  three  to 
five  inches  long  and  one-half  inch  or  more  in  thickness,  with  a 
distinct  bulbous  base.  The  flesh  is  thick  and  solid,  and  inclined 
to  be  tough  at  maturity.  This  is  considered  one  of  the  best  edible 
species  in  the  genus. 

Cortinarius  cinnamomeus  (L.)  Fr.  (Plate  XX,  Bull.  No. 
3.)  This  occurs  abundantly  during  September,  and  is  another 
exceedingly  attractive  species;  it  is,  however,  very  different  in 
color  from  C.  violaceus.  C.  cinnamomeus  is  characterized  by 
shades  of  brown  and  red,  the  gills  becoming  deep  blood-red  at 
maturity.  The  cap  varies  from  one  to  two  and  one-half  inches  in 
diameter.     It  is  somewhat  bell-shaped,  with  a  distinct  knot  or 


48  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

umbo  in  the  center.  The  cap  becomes  expanded  with  age,  until 
it  is  somewhat  flattened.  It  is  covered  with  a  dense  coat  of  fine 
fibrils.  The  flesh  is  thin,  and  of  a  similar  color  to  the  surface  of 
the  cap.  The  somewhat  crowded  gills  are  joined  squarely  to  the 
stem.  They  are  yellow  at  first,  but  are  dark  red  at  maturity.  The 
stem  is  from  two  to  four  inches  long,  and  about  one-half  inch  in 
diameter,  equal  throughout,  and  is  hollow,  and  colored  like 
the  cap. 

Other  species  Hsted  as  edible  are  C.  collinitus  (Pers.)  Fr.,  a 
plant  yellow-brown  in  color,  abimdantly  smeared  over  with  a 
glutinous  substance,  especially  in  moist  weather;  and  C.  armil- 
latus  Fr.,  characterized  by  a  distinct  ring  on  the  stem ;  both  of 
which  were  found  frequently  in  Mansfield  during  the  season 
of  1906. 

PHOLIOTA  Fr. 

The  plants  of  this  genus  are  similar  to  Cortinarins  in  the 
color  of  the  spores.  They  also  have  the  veil,  but,  unlike  the 
spider-web  veil  of  Cortinarius,  this  is  thick  and  persistent.  In 
the  character  of  the  ring  they  are  similar  to  Armillarm,  of  the 
white-spored  group.  They  are,  however,  quite  distinct  in  other 
characters.  Many  of  the  Pholiotas  grow  on  the  trunks  of  trees. 
Frequently  fungi  having  this  habitat  possess  a  peculiar  bitter 
flavor.  The  Pholiotas  are  no  exception  to  the  rule,  and,  while 
some  wood-growing  species  are  delicious,  others  are  too  bitter 
to  be  eaten. 

Pholiota  praecox  Pers.  is  one  of  the  first  edible  mushrooms 
of  the  spring  months.  The  writer  has  found  it  abundantly 
growing  on  lawns  during  the  month  of  May.  It  continues 
abundant  throughout  the  season.  The  cap  is  convex,  white  or 
cream-colored,  becoming  yellow  with  age.  During  wet  weather 
the  surface  of  the  cap  is  slightly  sticky,  but  when  dry  this 
character  quickly  disappears.  The  margin  of  the  cap  is  at  first 
inrolled  and  connected  with  the  stem  by  a  rather  thick  veil.  This 
ruptures  as  the  cap  expands.  The  cap  is  seldom  over  two  inches 
in  diameter.  The  stem  is  long  and  slender,  stuffed  when  young, 
but  becomes  hollow  with  age.  The  crowded  gills  are  squarely 
attached  to  the  stem,  sometimes  slightly  extending  down  it 
(decurrent).  They  are  white  at  first,  then  become  yellow.  The 
plants  are  small  and  delicate  but  usually  occur  abundantly. 


No.  15.]  HYMENIALES    OF   CONNECTICUT. 


49 


Pholiota  caperata  Pers.  (Plate  XXIII.)  Another  species 
of  this  g-enus  which  is  found  growing  on  the  ground  is 
P.  caperata.  During  the  season  of  1906  it  was  especially 
abundant  in  Mansfield,  growing  in  open  chestnut  woodland.  The 
cap  is  large,  often  five  inches  in  diameter.  It  is  yellow  in  color, 
and  often  roughened  on  the  surface  with  ridges  and  pits.  The 
flesh  is  thick  and  firm.  The  gills  are  thin,  crowded,  and  some- 
what saw-toothed  on  the  margins. 

Pholiota  squarrosoides  Pk.  (Plate  XXI,  Bull.  No.  3.) 
This  is  one  of  the  most  delicious  of  the  edible  fleshy  fungi.  It 
grows  in  large  clusters  on  dead  stumps,  especially  those  of  maple 
trees.  The  caps  are  convex,  quite  viscid  when  moist,  and  covered 
with  dense  scales  scattered  over  the  surface.  As  the  caps  mature, 
these  scales  separate  somewhat,  thus  showing  the  white  surface 
of  the  cap  beneath.  This  gives  the  cap  its  peculiarly  mottled 
appearance.  The  gills  are  close  and  compact,  white  at  first, 
becoming  cinnamon-colored  with  age.  The  stem  is  somewhat 
stout  and  densely  covered  with  thick,  white  scales.  These  change, 
as  the  plants  mature,  to  a  dull  yellow-brown  color. 

PLUTEUS  Fr. 

This  genus  belongs  to  the  rosy-spored  group,  therefore  the 
gills  of  fresh  specimens  soon  assume  a  pink  color,  due  to  the 
accumulation  of  these  spores.  These  plants  are  usually  found 
growing  on  decaying  tree  trunks  or  other  woody  substances. 

Pluteus  cervinus  Schaeflf.  (Plate  XXV;  Plate  XXIII, 
Bull.  No.  3.)  This  species  is  one  of  the  most  common  members 
of  the  genus,  and  is  one  of  the  few  edible  species  in  the  rosy- 
spored  group.  It  is  usually  found  in  the  woods  growing  singly, 
from  early  spring  until  late  frost,  but  nowhere  has  the  writer 
found  it  so  abundant  as  along  a  wood  road  which  has  been 
heavily  coated  with  sawdust.  There  was  hardly  a  day  through- 
out the  entire  season  when  a  good  supply  of  fresh  plants  could 
not  be  gathered ;  and  mushrooms  from  this  source  not  only  sup- 
plied several  of  the  families  living  on  the  campus  of  the 
Connecticut  Agricultural  College,  but  also  furnished  material  for 
many  "  mushroom  spreads "  prepared  by  the  students.  One 
mushroom  enthusiast  took  a  large  quantity  of  the  sawdust  and 
stored  it  in  his  cellar,  that  he  might  have  a  supply  of  fresh 
mushrooms  throughout  the  winter. 
4 


50  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Those  which  grow  where  there  is  an  abundance  of  plant  food 
are  in  large  clusters;  a  single  cluster  frequently  filling  a  four- 
quart  measure.  The  cap  is  bell-shaped,  becoming  expanded  with 
age,  until  it  is  nearly  flat.  Frequently  the  edges  roll  up  at 
maturity,  and  when  in  clusters  the  cap  becomes  misshapen 
because  of  the"  density  of  growth.  The  color  of  the  cap  varies 
considerably.  Frequently  it  is  gray-brown  or  fawn-color,  but 
often  of  a  dark  brown.  The  surface  of  the  cap  may  be  smooth 
or  densely  covered  with  fine  fibrils.  The  whole  plant  resembles 
closely  Collybia  platyphylla,  but  lacks  its  general  coarseness. 
The  gills  especially  distinguish  the  two  species.  Phiteus  cermniis 
has  the  gills  close  yet  not  crowded,  broad,  and  free  from  the 
stem;  these  are  at  first  white,  then  flesh-colored.  The  stem  is 
symmetrical  or  slightly  tapering  upward ;  it  is  firm,  solid,  and 
either  quite  smooth  or  covered  with  fine  fibrils  similar  to  those 
of  the  cap.  The  color  of  the  stem  also  varies  with  the  color  of 
the  cap.  The  interior  of  the  stem  is  filled  with  fine  fibers  which 
differ  in  substance  from  the  flesh  of  the  cap,  therefore  the  two  are 
easily  separable. 

CLITOPILUS  Fr. 

This  genus  resembles  in  many  of  its  characteristics  Clitocybe 
of  the  white-spored  group.  Most  of  the  species  are  earth- 
growing  ;  and,  so  far  as  now  known,  none  of  the  species  are  harm- 
ful. Care  must  be  taken,  however,  to  distinguish  the  species  from 
Entoloma  of  this  same  rosy-spored  group.  In  Entoloma  the  gills 
have  a  distinct  tooth  w^here  they  join  the  stem  (sinuate),  while 
in  Clitopilus  the  gills  are  joined  squarely  to  the  stem  or  extend 
down  it  in  decurrent  lines. 

Clitopilus  orcella  Bull.  The  best  edible  species  in  this  genus 
is  C.  orcella.  It  is  also  one  of  the  most  abundant  fungi,  growing 
commonly  in  open  woods  and  grassy  pastures  throughout  the 
summer  months.  The  cap  is  often  irregular  in  shape,  is  very 
fleshy,  soft,  plane  or  slightly  depressed.  It  is  white  or  yellow- 
white  in  color,  slightly  sticky  or  viscid  when  moist,  becoming 
silky  when  dry.  The  flesh  is  solid,  thick,  white,  and  has  a  strong 
farinaceous  odor  and  taste.  The  gills  are  close,  decurrent, 
running  down  the  stem,  at  first  white,  then  flesh-colored.  The 
stem  is  short,  thick,  solid,  colored  like  the  cap,  somewhat 
thickened  above,  and  is  often  at  one  side  of  the  center  (eccentric). 


No.  15.]  HYMENIALES    OF    CONNECTICUT. 


51 


AGARICUS  Linn. 

Probably  no  genus  is  better  known  than  Agaricus,  because  of 
its  commercial  importance.  Fortunately  the  so-called  "  field 
mushroom  "  is  not  easily  mistaken  for  other  species,  because  of 
its  striking  characters.  ^ 

Agaricus  campestris  Linn.  (Plate  XXIV,  Bull.  No.  3.) 
This  species  is  frequently  found  in  open  fields  and  pastures 
during  August  and  September.  The  writer  has  found  that  in 
pastures  the  plants  can  rarely  be  gathered,  as  they  seem  to  be 
much  sought  for  by  the  cattle. 

Agaricus  campestris  has  many  varieties,  but  these  are  not 
strongly  distinct,  so  that  they  are  not  usually  distinguished  by 
the  amateur  collector.  This  is  the  species  which  is  much  culti- 
vated. Quite  frequently  it  is  found  in  greenhouses,  growing  in 
carnation  beds  or  in  lettuce  beds,  sending  up  abundant  crops  of 
"  buttons  "  from  time  to  time.  The  cap  is  at  first  hemispherical 
or  convex,  then  expanding  until  at  maturity  it  becomes  nearly 
or  quite  plane.  The  margin  is  incurved,  and  joined  to  the  stem 
by  a  partial  veil,  which  on  rupturing  leaves  a  more  or  less  well- 
developed  ring  on  the  stem.  This  ring  is  near  the  middle  of  the 
stem,  and  frequently  disappears  entirely  as  the  plant  matures. 
On  other  specimens  it  may  be  quite  persistent.  The  surface  of 
the  cap  is  usually  covered  with  fine,  white,  hair-like  scales,  and 
these  with  the  outer  layer  of  fungus  threads  separate  easily  from 
the  flesh,  so  that  the  cap  may  be  readily  peeled.  Frequently  it 
is  said  that  this  is  the  criterion  of  an  edible  mushroom,  but  the 
test  cannot  be  depended  upon  in  all  species.  In  color  the  cap  is 
silvery  white.  The  gills  are  close,  and  at  first  are  a  delicate  pink, 
but  this  color  soon  changes  as  the  plants  mature  until  they 
assume  a  deep  brown  color.  The  stem  is  nearly  equal  throughout 
its  length,  but  is  sometimes  thickened  near  the  base ;  it  varies 
in  length  from  one  and  one-half  to  three  inches,  but  is  usually 
quite  short.    Within,  it  is  stufifed  with  many  fibers. 

The  following  varieties  are  described  in   Alcllvaine's  "  One 
Thousand  American  Fungi  " : 
Var.  albus  Berk. — "  A  very  common  wild  form." 
Var.  gn'scjis  Pk. — "  Cap  grayish,  silky,  shining." 
Var.  praficola   Vitt. — "  Meadow    variety.       Cap     with     reddish 
scales." 


52  COXXECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Van  umbrimis  Vitt.— "  Dark  brown,  stem  short,  minutely  scaly." 
Var.  rufesccns  Berk. — "  Cap  reddish,  minutely  scaly.    Flesh  turn- 
ing bright  red  when  bruised  or  cut." 
Var.  villaticHS  Brond. — ''Cap  scaly;   stem  scaly." 
Var.  Iiortciisis  pee. — "  Cap  brownish  or   yellow-brown.     Culti- 
vated." 
Var.  Buchanni — "  Cap  depressed  in  center." 
Var.  clongatus — "Long-stemmed  variety." 
Var.  vaporarius  Vitt. — "  Greenhouse  variety." 

Mcllvaine  also  says :  "  The  Agaricus  cainpestris  is  known  the 
world  over  as  the  common  mushroom.  It  is  cosmopolitan,  ap- 
pearing in  pastures  and  rich  places,  from  spring  and  until  long 
after  severe  frosts.  It  is  the  sweet  morsel  of  gourmets. 
Indirectly  it  has  done  more  damage  than  the  viciousness  of  all 
other  toadstools.  It  is  by  mistaking  the  young  button  forms  of 
the  deadly  Amanita  for  the  button  forms  of  the  common  mush- 
room, that  most  cases  of  fatal  mushroom  poisoning  are  brought 
about.  It  is,  also,  usually  the  persons  who  think  they  know  the 
mushroom  and  cannot  be  deceived,  that  get  poisoned.  If  two 
rules  are  observed,  danger  can  be  avoided,  (i)  Never  eat  a 
fungus  gathered  in  the  woods  believing  it  to  be  the  mushroom. 
The  typical  A.  cainpestris  does  not  grow  in  the  woods;  species 
of  Agaricus  somewhat  resembling  it  do.  (2)  Look  at  the  gills; 
those  of  the  mushroom  are  at  first  a  light  pink,  which  rapidly, 
as  the  plant  matures,  darkens  to  a  dark  brown,  purplish-brown, 
or  purplish-black.  This  is  due  to  the  ripening  of  the  spores. 
Those  of  Amanita  are  constantly  white." 

HYPHOLOMA  Fr. 

This  genus  contains  many  edible  species.  The  spores  are 
similar  in  color  to  those  of  Agaricus,  but  the  plants  are  easily 
distinguished.  In  rupturing,  the  universal  veil  does  not  leave  a 
well-defined  ring  on  the  stem  as  it  does  in  Agaricus,  but  the 
remnants  of  the  veil  .remain  attached  to  the  margin  of  the  cap, 
in  many  instances  forming  an  appendiculate  margin.  In  some 
instances  young  specimens  show  the  ring  quite  distinctly,  but  all 
indications  of  it  soon  disappear. 

In  Agaricus,  the  cap  easily  separates  from  the  stem,  the  sub- 
stance of  the  flesh  being  different  in  texture,  but  in  Hypholoma 


No.  15.]  HYMENIALES    OF   CONNECTICUT.  53 

the  substance  is  the  same  throug-hont,  therefore  the  stem  and  cap 
do  not  easily  separate.  The  plants  are  more  commonly  found  in 
the  fall,  but  some  species  occur  during-  the  summer  months. 

Hypholoma  appendiculatum  Bull.  (Plate  XXVII.)  This 
is  a  common  species,  and  grows  in  great  abundance  on  the  lawns 
of  the  Connecticut  Agricultural  College  during  July  and  August. 
The  mycelium  seems  to  be  perennial,  for  the  plants  have  appeared 
in  the  same  spots  several  years.  It  is  one  of  the  best  edible 
kinds;  the  caps  are  very  tender  and  are  excellent  in  flavor. 
These  plants  grow  in  thick  clusters  on  the  ground  or  on  decaying 
logs,  and  often  cover  a  considerable  area.  The  cap  varies  from 
one  to  three  inches  in  diameter,  and  also  varies  in  color  from 
dingy  white  through  various  shades  of  brown  and  yellow.  It  is 
fleshy  and  membranous,  becoming  thin  and  leathery  when  dry. 
The  cap  is  ovate  at  first,  then  expands  with  age.  The  margin  of 
the  young  cap  is  fringed  with  the  remains  of  the  veil,  but  this 
disappears  as  the  plants  reach  maturity.  The  stem  is  from  two 
to  three  inches  long  and  from  one-twelfth  to  one-sixth  of  an 
inch  thick.  It  is  delicate,  shredding  into  fibers  when  broken. 
The  crowded  gills  are  joined  squarely  to  the  stem,  are  at  first 
white,  then  pink,  and  lastly  dingy  brown.  The  plant  is  a  safe 
one  to  gather  for  food,  for  there  is  nothing  with  which  it  is 
likely  to  be  confused. 

Hypholoma  sublateritium  Schaeff.  Brick-topped  Hypho- 
loma. (Plate  XXV,  Bull.  No.  3.)  This  species  is  more 
frequent  during  the  fall  months  than  in  summer.  During  the 
autumn  of  1906  the  writer  found  an  immense  number  even  after 
severe  frosts.  The  plants  are  commonly  found  on  decaying 
stumps,  and  always  grow  on  decaying  wood.  During  the  last 
year  the  writer  found  an  immense  number  of  the  plants 
apparently  growing  on  the  ground.  Suspecting,  from  the 
peculiar  radiating  manner  in  which  they  grew,  that  they  were 
attached  to  a  tree  stump,  he  found  by  careful  examination  that 
a  stump  had  been  dug  out  and  the  plants  were  growing  from  the 
larger  roots  which  remained  in  the  ground.  The  caps  vary  from 
two  to  four  inches  in  diameter,  and  are  of  a  yellow-red  color, 
darker  in  the  center  and  with  pale  margins.  Frequently  the 
plants  are  so  densely  clustered  that  the  caps  are  abnormally 
developed.     The  plants  are  quite  fleshy;    the  flesh  being  white 


54  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

at  first,  becoming  yellow  with  age.  The  stem  varies  in  length, 
but  is  usually  about  three  inches  long.  When  growing  from  the 
side  of  stumps,  it  becomes  variously  curved.  The  gills  are 
squarely  jointed  to  the  stem,  and  are  more  or  less  crowded.  At 
first  they  are  a  green-yellow  in  color,  but  become  dingy  brown 
at  maturity.  The  veil  is  often  present  on  the  young  plants. 
These  plants  have  long  been  considered  edible,  and  the  writer 
has  eaten  them  frequently.  However,  when  he  was  in  Dr.  Peck's 
laboratory  a  year  ago.  Dr.  Peck  called  his  attention  to  a  letter 
he  had  just  received,  stating  that  two  ladies  had  been  taken  ill 
after  eating  plants  like  the  specimens  sent.  These  plants  were 
without  doubt  Hypholoma  siihlateritium,  and  from  the  symptoms 
it  was  suspected  that  the  illness  was  caused  by  indigestion  which 
followed  a  hearty  meal  of  this  fungus. 

COPRINUS  Pers. 

This  genus  has  but  few  species,  so  far  as  now  known,  and 
these  are  quite  characteristic.  Belonging,  as  it  does,  to  the  black- 
spored  group,  the  gills  are  quickly  coated  with  an  abundance  of 
jet-black  spores.  The  gills  are  membranous  at  first,  but  quickly 
deliquesce  into  a  fluid  which  becomes  black  because  of  the 
abundance  of  spores.  The  plants  are  commonly  found  on  lawns, 
in  flower  beds,  or  on  decaying  stumps.  They  spring  up  very 
quickly  during  the  night,  and  the  sun's  rays  cause  them  to  dis- 
appear. The  plants  vary  much  in  size,  some  being  very  fragile, 
others  firmer.  Their  delicate  texture  makes  them  all  the  more 
desirable  for  food. 

Coprinus  comatus  Fr.  Shaggy  Mane.  (Plate  XXVI,  Bull. 
No.  3.)  The  large,  distinct,  "  shaggy  "  appearance  of  the  cap  of 
this  species  makes  it  especially  noticeable.  It  is  more  abundant 
in  late  summer,  but  is  occasionally  found  in  June  and  July.  The 
cap  is  larger,  and  the  flesh  is  firmer  in  substance,  than  in  other 
species  of  this  genus.  The  cap  is  at  first  bell-shaped,  expanding 
as  it  matures,  until  the  margin  finally  becomes  uprolled  and  more 
or  less  torn  and  split.  The  gills  are  very  broad;  white  at  first, 
they  soon  become  tinged  with  pink,  and  finally  become  deep 
purple  and  dissolve  into  an  ink-like  substance.  The  stems  are 
occasionally  ten  inches  long  and  over  a  half-inch  thick,  but  these 
are  on  plants  growing  in  exceptionally  rich  soil.     Ordinarily  the 


No.  15.]  HYMENIALES   OF    CONNECTICUT. 


55 


plants  are  smaller.  The  stems  are  hollow,  and  the  ring  is  quite 
firm  and  occurs  near  the  base  of  the  stem.  Atkinson,  in  his 
"  Studies  of  American  Fungi,"  gives  an  excellent  and  thorough 
description  of  this  species,  with  splendid  illustrations  of  the 
plants  in  all  stages  of  their  development. 

Coprinus  atramentarius  (Bull.)  Fr.  Ink-cap.  This  plant 
is  similar  in  its  habitat  to  C.  cornatus,  and  sometimes  the  plants 
may  be  found  growing  side  by  side.  The  writer  has  found  both 
along  a  shaded  bank  where  ashes  had  been  dumped.  They  also 
occur  abundantly  on  very  rotten  stumps.  The  caps  of  this  species 
are  smaller  and  shorter  than  those  of  the  shaggy  mane,  and  they 
are  usually  entirely  smooth,  but  are  covered  sometimes  with 
delicate  white  fibrils  or  coarser  scales.  The  surface  of  the  cap  is 
distinctly  marked  with  fine  lines  which  radiate  from  the  center 
to  the  margin.  The  ring  in  this  species  is  quite  fragile  and  dis- 
appears quickly  after  the  margin  of  the  cap  separates  from  the 
stem. 

Coprinus  micaceus  (Bull.)  Fr.  Glistening  Coprinus.  (Plate 
XXVIII.)  The  cap  of  this  fungus  is  coated  with  minute  scales 
which  glisten  in  the  sunlight  like  particles  of  mica.  The  plant 
is  found  frequently  during  the  spring  and  early  summer  around 
bases  of  trees  or  decayed  stumps  on  lawns.  It  is  seldom  found 
as  an  isolated  specimen,  but  grows  in  dense  groups.  In  matured 
plants,  the  cap  seldom  has  a  diameter  of  over  an  inch  and  a  half. 
In  substance  the  cap  and  gills  are  much  thinner  than  those  of 
either  the  shaggy  mane  or  the  ink-cap.  During  a  dry  season  the 
plants  retain  rather  a  firm  texture,  but  in  moist  weather  it  show's 
the  same  character  of  quickly  dissolving  into  an  inky  substance 
that  is  shown  by  other  members  of  the  family.  The  writer  has 
gathered  and  eaten  large  quantities  of  this  species,  and  has 
found  the  quality  superior  to  any  others  of  the  family. 


Part  III 

List  of  Species  of  Fleshy  and  Woody 
Fungi  Reported  since  July,  1905 


AGARICACE^    Fries. 

AMANITA  Pers. 
Amanita  abrupta    Pk.  (abrupt). 

Mansfield,  July  (479).* 
Amanita  cothurnata    Atk.  (booted). 

Mansfield,  July  (378). 
Amanita  flavo-rubescens    Atk.  (reddish-yellow). 

South  Windsor,  Hanmer. 
Amanita  Frostiana     Pk.,  var.  pallida  Pk.  (pale). 

Redding,  Earle  (im). 
Amanita  mappa    Fr.  (mappa,  a  napkin). 

Mansfield,  July  (376). 
Amanita  solitaria     Bull,  (growing  alone). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer;   Redding,  Earle  (1046). 
Amanita  spreta    Pk.  (despised). 

Mansfield,  July,  Dr.  C.  Thorn. 

AMANITOPSIS  Roz. 
Amanitopsis  lepidota  Earle  (scaly). 
Redding,  Earle  (926). 

TRICHOLOMA  Fr. 
Tricholoma  saponaceum    Fr.  (soapy). 

Danielson,  Miss  E.  B.  Scarborough. 

COLLYBIA  Fr. 
Collybia  tuberosa    Bull,   (tuberous). 
Mansfield,  Aug.  (390). 

MYCENA  Fr. 
Mycena  sub-incamata    Pk.  (almost  flesh-colored). 
Mansfield,  Aug,  (440). 

*  Numbers  in  parentheses  acoompanying  notices  of  plants  collected  in  Mansfield 
refer  to  the  numbers  of  specimens  in  the  herbarium  of  fungi  in  Connecticut  Agricul- 
tural College  ;  those  accompanying  notices  of  plants  collected  by  Earle  refer  to  the 
numbers  of  specimens  in  the  herbarium  of  fungi  at  Bronx  Park. 


6o  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

Mycena  lesiana    Berk.  (Lea). 
Mansfield,  Aug.  (470). 

LACTARIUS  Fr. 
Lactarius  involutus    Sop.  (inrolled). 
Rainbow,  Hanmcr. 

RUSSULA  Pers. 
Russula  aeruginescens     Pk.  {ccrugo,  rust  of  copper). 

Redding,  Earle  (1211). 
Russula  albella     Pk.   (whitish). 

Redding,  £fl.W^  (1207). 
Russula  alutacea    Fr.  (leathery). 

Mansfield,  Aug.  (443). 
Russula  decolorans     Fr.    {decolor 0,  to  deprive  of  the  natural 
color). 

Redding,  Earle  (537,  1019)  ;   Mansfield,  Aug.  (470). 
Russula  fragilis    Fr.  (fragile). 

Redding,  Earle  (670). 
Russula  Integra    Fr.  (entire). 

Redding,  Earle  (412). 
Russula  Mariae    Pk. 

Redding,  Earle  (347). 
Russula  nigricans    Bull,  (blackish). 

Rainbow,  Hanmer. 
Russula  olivacea     Fr.  (olivaceous). 

Redding,  Earle  (418). 
Russula  pectinata    Fr.  (pecten,  a  comb). 

Redding,  Earle  (349). 
Russula  rosacea    Fr.  (rosa,  a  rose). 

Redding,  Earle  (1390). 

PLEUROTUS  Fr. 
Pleurotus  dryinus  Pers.  (dpvc,  oak). 
Rainbow,  Hanmer. 

HYGROPHORUS  Fr. 
Hygrophorus  chrysodon     Fr.  (golden-toothed). 
Rainbow,  Hanmer. 


No.  15.]  HYMENIALES    OF   CONNECTICUT.  61 

CANTHARELLUS  Adanson. 
Cantharellus  aurantiacus    Fr.  (orange-yellow). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer;  Mansfield,  Aug.  (427). 

OMPHALIA  Fr. 
Omphalia  campanella     Balsch,  var.  sparsa  Pk.  (scattered). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer. 
Omphalia  scabriuscula    Pk.  (somewhat  rough)-. 

Mansfield,  June  (52).* 

CLITOCYBE  Fr. 
Clitocybe  adirondackensis    Pk. 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer. 

LENTINUS  Fr. 
Lentinus  cochleatus    Fr.  {cochlea,  a  snail-shell). 

Mansfield,  Aug.  (430). 
Lentinus  ursinus     Fr.  (ursiis,  a  bear). 

Mansfield,  Aug.  (471). 

INOCYBE  Fr. 
Inocybe  floccosa     Berk.  {Hoccus,  a  lock  of  wool). 

Redding,  Earle  (1034). 
Inocybe  rimosa    Bull,  {rima,  a  crack). 

Redding,  Earle  (370,  653). 

FLAMMULA  Fr. 
Flammula  polychroa    Berk,  (many-colored). 
East  Hartford,  Hanmer. 

I^LUTEUS  Fr. 
Pluteus  granularis    Pk.  (sprinkled  with  grains). 

Mansfield,  Aug.  (472). 
Pluteus  salicinus     Pers.  (salix,  willow). 

Mansfield,  Aug.   (433). 
Pluteus  longistriatus     Pk.  (marked  with  long  strioe). 

Redding,  Earle  (524). 
Pluteus  tomentosulus     Pk.  (somewhat  woolly). 

Mansfield,  Aug.  (475). 

•  See  note  on  page  22. 


62  CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY.  [Bull. 

CORTINARIUS  Fr. 
Cortinarius  flavifolius     Pk.  (yellow-leaved). 

Ledyard,  Hanmer. 
Cortinarius  obliquus    Pk.  (oblique). 

Ledyard,  Hanmer. 
Cortinarius  torvus    Fr.  (savage). 

East  Hartford,  South  Windsor,  Hanmer. 
Cortinarius  vernalis     Pk.  {vcr,  spring). 

Mansfield,  May  (443). 

PHOLIOTA  Fr. 
Pholiota  adiposa  Fr.  {adeps,  fat). 

East  Hartford,  South  Windsor,  Hanmer. 

CLITOPILUS  Fr. 
Clitopilus  prunulus    Scop,  (prunus,  plum). 
Redding,  Earle  (1164). 

AGARICUS  Linn. 
Agaricus  campestris     L.  (cam/'MJ,  a  field),  var.  praticola     Vitt. 
(inhabitant  of  meadows). 
Mansfield,  July  (441). 
Agaricus    campestris,    var.    hortensis      Cke.    (belonging   to    a 
garden). 

Greenhouse,  East  Hartford,  Hanmer. 
Agaricus    campestris,    var.    villaticus    Brond.    (znlla,    a    farm- 
house) . 

New  Britain,  Hanmer. 

HYPHOLOMA  Fr. 
Hypholoma  subaquilum    Banning  (somewhat  dark-colored). 

Mansfield,  Sept.  (448). 
Hypholoma   hymenocephalum    Pk.  (v/jy'jy,    membrane;     Kt<pa\i], 
head). 

South  Windsor,  Hanmer. 


No.  15.]  .       HYMENIALES   OF   CONNECTICUT.  63 

POLYPORACEAE  Fr. 

POLYPORUS  Fr. 
Polyporus  Spraguei    B.  &  C. 

Bolton,  Hanmer. 
Polyporus  perplexus    Pk.  (confused). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer. 
Pol3rporus  poripes    Fr.  (having  a  porous  stem). 

Warehouse  Point,  Hanmer. 
Polyporus  arcularius     (Batsch)  Fr.  {arcularius,  one  who  makes 
Httle  boxes). 

East  Hartford,  Hanmer. 
Polyporus  fissus    Berk,  (cleft). 

Manchester,  Hanmer. 
Polyporus  fumosus    Fr.  (smoky). 

South  Windsor,  Hanmer. 

MUCRONOPORUS. 
Mucronoporus  Everhartii     Ell.   &  Gal.     Pyropolyporus  Ever- 
hartii    Ell.  &  Gal. 

HYDNACEAE  Fr. 

PHLEBIA  Fr. 
Phlebia  radiata    Fr.  {radius,  a  spoke  or  ray). 
East  Hartford,  Hanmer. 


General  Index 


Agaricaceae,  9,  29,  59. 

Agaricus,  26,  51,  62. 

Amanita,  11,  31,  59;  pi.  i. 

Amanitopsis,  12,  32,  59;  pi.  ii. 

Armillaria,  35. 

Cantharellus.  20,  45,  61 ;  pi.  xix. 

Clitocybe,  21,  46,  61. 

CHtopilus,  25,  50,  62. 

Collybia,  14,  27^  59;  pls.  vii-ix. 

Coprinus,  27,  54;  pi.  xxviii. 

Cortinarius,   23,  47,   62;   pis.   xxi, 

xxii. 
Entoloma,  25. 
Flammula,  24,  61, 
Galera,  25. 
Hydnaceae,  63. 

Hygrophorus,  19,  44,  60;  pi.  xviii. 
Hypholoma,  27,  52,  62;  pi.  xxvii. 
Inocybe,  24,  61. 
Lactarius,   15,  40,  60;  pis.  xii-xiv. 


Lentinus,  22,  61  ;  pi.  xx. 

Lenzites,  22. 

Lepiota,  12,  2Z',  p'-  iii- 

Marasmius,  13,  36;  pis.  iv-vi. 

Mycena,  15,  39,  59;  pis.  x,  xi. 

Mucronoporus,  63. 

Omphalia,  21,  22,  61. 

Panaeolns,  27. 

Panus,  22. 

Paxillus,  23. 

Phlebia.  6^. 

Pholiota,  24,  48,  62;  pi.  xxiii. 

Pleurotus,  19,  43,  60. 

Pluteus,  25,  49,  61 ;  pis.  xxiv-xxvi. 

Polyporaceae,  63. 

Polyporus,  63. 

Russula,  17,  42,  60;  pis.  xv-xvii. 

Stropharia,  26. 

Tricholoma,  14,  36,  59. 


Index  to  Species 


abortivus  (Clitopilus),  26. 
abrupta  (Amanita),  12,  59. 
abruptus   (Agaricus),  26. 
acervata  (Collybia),  14. 
adiposa  (PhoHota),  24,  62. 
adirondackensis     (Clitocybe),    21, 

61. 
admirabilis    (Pluteus),  25. 
adusta  (Russula),  18. 
aeruginescens  (Russula),  17. 
albella  (Russula);  18,  60. 
albo-flavidum    (Tricholoma),    14. 
album  (Tricholoma),  14. 
alnicola  (Flammula),  24. 
alutacea   (Russula),  19,  42,  60. 
americana  (Lepiota),  13,  34. 
amethystina   (Clitocybe),  21. 
appendiculatum  (Hypholoma),  27, 

53;  pi.  xxvii. 
aquifluus   (Lactarius),  15. 
arcularius  (Polyporus),  63. 
armillatus   (Cortinarius),  23. 
arvensis  (Agaricus),  26. 
asperula  (Lepiota),  13. 
atramentarius    (Coprinus),  27,  55. 
atropurpurea   (Russula),  18. 
atro-tomentosus  (Paxillus),  23. 
aurantiacus  (Cantharellus),  21,  45, 

61. 
aurantiacus   (Paxillus),  23. 
aurata  (Russula),  19. 
betulina  (Lenzites),  22. 
bisporigera  (Amanita),  11. 
blennius  (Lactarius),  16. 
bolaris   (Cortinarius),  23. 
brevipes    (Cantharellus),  20. 
brevipes   (Russula),  18. 
butyracea  (Collybia),  15;  pi.  viii. 
Caesarea   (Amanita),  11,  31. 
calophyllus    (Hygrophorus),  20. 


campanella    (Omphalia),   21. 

campanella,  var.  sparsa  (Om- 
phalia), 21,  61. 

campanulatus    (Panaeolus),  27. 

campestris  (Agaricus),  26,  51,  62. 

camphoratus  (Lactarius),  16.    * 

Candida  (Amanita),  12. 

caperata  (Pholiota),  24,  49;  pi. 
xxiii. 

caprinus   (Hygrophorus),  20. 

ceraceus  (Hygrophorus),  20. 

cervinus    (Pluteus),    25,    49;    pi. 

XXV. 

chelidonium   (Lactarius),  17. 
chlorophanus   (Hygrophorus),  20. 
chrysodon  (Hygrophorus),  20,  60. 
chrysopeplus  (Lentinus),  22. 
chrysorrheus  (Lactarius),  16. 
cibarius  (Cantharellus),  21,  45. 
cinnabarinus    (Cantharellus),   20. 
cinnabarinus    (Cortinarius),  23. 
cinnamoraeus     (Cortinarius),     23, 

47. 
citrina  (Russula),  18. 
clavipes   (Clitocybe),  21. 
clypeolaria  (Lepiota),  13. 
coccineus   (Hygrophorus),  20. 
cochleatus  (Lentinus),  22,  61. 
cohaerens   (Marasmius),  13. 
collinitus    (Cortinarius).  23.  48. 
comatus  (Coprinus),  27,  54. 
comptulus    (Agaricus),  26. 
confluens  (Collybia),  14. 
conicus    (Hygrophorus),  20. 
corrugatus    (Cortinarius).   2Ji;   pi. 

xxi. 
corrugis   (Lactarius).  17,  41. 
cothurnata    (Amanita),   12,  59. 
cristata  (Lepiota),  13. 
curvipes    (Pholiota),  24. 


68 


CONNECTICUT    GEOL.    AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


[Bull. 


cyanothrix   (Mycena),  15. 
deceptivus   (Lactarius),  16,  41. 
decolorans    (Russula),  19,  60;  pi. 

xvii. 
deliciosus   (Lactarius),  17,  42. 
depallens  (Russula),  18. 
dichotomus    (Cantharellus),    20. 
dryinus    (Pleurotus),   19,  60. 
dryophila  (Collybia),  15. 
elongatipes  (Marasmius),  13. 
emetica  (Russula),  18. 
epipterygia  (Mycena),  15. 
equestre    (Tricholoma),   14. 
erubescens   (Hygrophorus),  19. 
esculenta  (Collybia),  14,  39. 
Everhartii   (Mucronoporus),  63. 
farinaceus  (Panus),  22. 
farinosa   (Amanitopsis),  12. 
farinosa   (Lepiota),   13. 
fasciculare  (Hypholoma),  27. 
fissus  (Polyporus),  63. 
flaccida  (Lenzites),  22. 
flavida  (Flammula),  24. 
flavida  (Russula),  18. 
flavifolius   (Cortinarius),  23,  62. 
flavo-conia  (Amanita),  11. 
flavo-rubescens  (Amanita),  12,  59. 
floccosa  (Inocybe),  24,  61. 
floccosus    (Cantharellus),    20;    pi. 

xix. 
foetens  (Russula),  17. 
fragilis  (Russula),  18,  60. 
Frostiana  (Amanita),  11,  59. 
fuliginosus   (Lactarius),  16. 
fumosus  (Lactarius),  17. 
fumosus  (Polyporus),  63. 
furcata  (Russula),  17. 
fusus   (Flammula),  24. 
galericulata    (Mycena).   15.  39- 
grande  (Entoloma),  25. 
granulans    (Pluteus),   25.   61;   pi. 

xxiv. 
granulosa   (Lepiota),  13. 
Grayanum  (Entoloma),  25. 
griseus  (Lactarius),  17. 
haematopoda  (Mycena),  15;  pi.  x. 
hybrida  (Flammula),  24, 


hygrophoroides   (Lactarius),  17. 
hj'menocephalum       (Hypholoma), 

27. 
hypnorum  (Galera),  25. 
illinita  (Lepiota),  12. 
illudens   (Qitocybe),  21. 
indigo  (Lactarius),  17. 
infundibuliformis     (Cantharellus), 

20. 
infundibuliformis    (Clitocybe),  21. 
Integra  (Russula),  19,  60. 
involutus   (Lactarius),   16,  60;  pi. 

xiv. 
involutus    (Paxillus),  23. 
iodes   (Cortinarius),  23. 
laccata  (Clitocybe),  21,  46. 
lacerata  (Collybia),  14. 
lanuginosa  (Inocybe),  24. 
Lecomtei  (Lentinus),  22. 
lepida  (Russula),  18. 
lepideus   (Lentinus),  22. 
lepidota  (Amanitopsis),  12,  59. 
lesiana  (Mycena),  15,  60;  pi.  xi. 
lignatilis   (Pleurotus),  19. 
lignyotus   (Lactarius),  17. 
longistriatus    (Pluteus),  25,   61. 
luteolus  (Lactarius),  17. 
lutescens    (Cantharellus),   21. 
maculata  (Collybia),  15. 
magna  (Flammula),  24. 
mappa  (Amanita),  11,  59. 
Mariae  (Russula),  19,  60. 
mellea  (Armillaria),  35. 
metulaespora  (Lepiota),  13. 
micaceus    (Coprinus),  27,   55;   pi. 

xxviii. 
micropus  (Clitopilus),  26. 
miniatus    (Hygrophorus),   20,   44; 

pi.  xviii. 
muscaria  (Amanita),  11. 
naucinoides   (Lepiota),  12,  34;  pi. 

iii. 
nigricans  (Russula),  18,  60. 
nitidus  (Hygrophorus),  20. 
noveboracensis    (Clitopilus),  25. 
obliquus    (Cortinarius),  24,  62. 
ochro-purpurea    (Clitocybe),   21. 


No.  15.] 


HYMENIALES   OF   CONNECTICUT. 


69 


odora  (Clitocybe),  21,  46. 
olivacea  (Russula),  18,  60. 
orcella  (Clitopilus),  26,  50. 
oreades  ,  (Marasmius),   13,  36;  pi. 

iv. 
ostreatus  (Pleurotus),  19.  43. 
pallidus   (Lactarius),   17. 
panuoides   (Paxillus),  23. 
pectinata   (Russula),  17,  60. 
pelianthina  (Mycena),  15. 
pergamenus  (Lactarius),  16. 
perplexus  (Polyporus),  63. 
personatum   (Tricholoma),  14,  36. 
petaloides  (Pleurotus),  19. 
phalloides  (Amanita),  11. 
piperatus  (Lactarius),  16,  41. 
placomyces  (Agaricus),  26. 
platyphylla  (Collybia),  14,  38;  pi. 

vii. 
plicatilis   (Coprinus),  27. 
polychroa   (Flammula),  24,  61. 
popinalis   (Clitopilus),  26. 
poripts    (Polyporus),  63. 
portentosum    (Tricholoma),    14. 
praecox  (Pholiota),  24,  48. 
pratensis   (Hygrophorus),  20,  44. 
procera  (Lepiota),  13,  33. 
prunulus   (Clitopilus),  25,  62. 
puniceus    (Hygrophorus),   20. 
quietus  (Lactarius),  16. 
radiata   (Phlebia),  63. 
radicata    (Collybia),  14,  38. 
retiphyllus  (Marasmius),  13. 
retirugis  (Panaeolus),  27. 
rhodopolium   (Entoloma),  25. 
rimosa   (Inocybe),  24,  61. 
Rodmani  (Agaficus),  26. 
rosacea  (Russula),  18,  60. 
roseipes  (Russula),  19. 
rosellus   (Cantharellus),  20. 
rotula  (Marasmius),  13;  pi.  v. 
rubescens    (Amanita),   12,  31;   pi. 

i. 
rudis   (Panus),  22. 
rugocephalum  (Hypholoma),  27. 
rutilans  (Tricholoma),  14. 
salicinus  (Panus),  22. 


saliciinis  (Pluteus),  25,  61. 
sanguinea   (Russula),  18;  pi.  xv. 
.«apidus  (Pleurotus),  19. 
saponaceum  (Tricholoma),  14,  59. 
scabriuscula  (Omphalia),  21,  6r. 
scorodonius  (Marasmius),  13. 
sejunctum  (Tricholoma),  14,  37. 
semiglobata   (Stropharia),  26. 
semihirtipes   (Marasmius),  13;  pi. 

vi. 
sepiaria   (Lenzitcs),  22. 
serotinus   (Pleurotus),  19. 
solidipes  (Panaeolus),  27. 
solitaria   (Amanita),  12. 
Spraguei   (Polyporus),  63. 
spreta  (Amanita),  11,  59. 
squarrosa   (Pholiota),  24. 
squarrosoides    (Pholiota),  24. 
stercoraria   (Stropharia),  26. 
stipticus  (Panus),  22. 
strangulata   (Amanitopsis),   12. 
strictipes  (Collybia),  15. 
strictius  (Entoloma),  25. 
strobiliformis    (Amanita),   12,  32. 
subaquilum    (Hypholoma),  27,  62. 
subdulcis   (Lactarius),  17. 
sub-incarnata  (Mycena),  15,  59. 
sublateritium     (Hypholoma),     27, 

53- 
subpurpureus  (Lactarius),  17. 
tardus  (Clitopilus),  26. 
tenera  (Galera),  25. 
terreum   (Tricholoma),  14. 
theiogalus  (Lactarius),  16. 
tigrinus  (Lentinus),  22. 
tomentosulus    (Pluteus),    25,    61; 

pi.  xxvi. 
torminosus     (Lactarius),     16;    pi. 

xii. 
torulosus  (Panus),  22. 
torvus   (Cortinarius),  23,  62. 
transmutsns  (Tricholoma),  14. 
trivialis  (Lactarius),  16. 
trullissata   (Clitocybe).  21. 
tuberosa  (Collybia),  15,  59. 
turbinatus   (Cortinarius),  23. 
ulmarius  (Pleurotus),  19.  44- 


70 


CONNECTICUT   GEOL.   AND    NAT.    HIST.    SURVEY. 


umbrosus  (Pluteus),  25. 
unitinctus    (Clitopilus),   26. 
ursinus  (Lentinus),  22,  61;  pi.  xx. 
vaginata    (Amanitopsis),    12,    32; 

pi.  ii. 
varicosus   (IMarasmius),  13. 
velatipes  (Amanita),  12. 
vellereus   (Lactarius),  16;  pi.  xiii. 
velutipes  (Collybia),  14,  38. 
verna  (Amanita),  11. 
vernalis  (Cortinarius),  23,  62. 


viclncens     (Cortinarius),    24,    47; 

pi.  xxii. 
virescens    (Russula).    18,   43;    pi. 

xvi. 
virgineus   (Hygrophorus),  20. 
volemus  (Lactarius),  17,  40. 
volvata  (Amanitopsis),  12. 
vulgaris  (Mycena),  15. 
vulpinus  (Lentinus),  22. 
zonata  (Collybia),  15;  pi.  ix. 


